清代山东对外贸易研究

发布时间：2018-08-27 12:06

【摘要】：以前，关于清代对外贸易的研究多集中于东南沿海诸省，山东的对外贸易仍游离于学界的视野之外。其实，山东在清代对外贸易体系中占有重要的地位，有着鲜明的特点。对清代山东外贸的研究，不仅可作为区域比较研究的基础，而且有助于廓清清代对外贸易中一些悬而未决的问题。顺治十二年(1655年)之前，清朝是否真正实行过《大清律例》中的《私出外境及违禁下海》条例，是史学界长期争论的热点之一。顺治十年(1653年)，清政府在处理山东即墨女姑口私贩日本案时，其量刑依据正是《私出外境及违禁下海》条例。这说明在顺治十二年之前，清朝就已开始对外贸进行管制。顺治十二年到康熙二十三年(1684年)禁海期间，与闽、粤等东南沿海诸省相比，山东对外贸易政策呈现出明显的特殊性。一是迁海晚。福建在顺治十八年(1661年)己迁海，而山东则迟至康熙二年(1663年)。二是迁海力度小。福建等地迁海30到50里，而山东只将海岛中的居民迁入内地。三是开海早。山东开海是在康熙十八年初，比南方浙、闽、粤等省早5年。因此，禁海与迁海不是清政府的既定国策，而是为防范郑成功等抗清力量采取的临时措施。清政府在康熙五十六年(1717年)颁布南洋禁航令的真实目的，既不是禁米出洋，也不是限制华侨在南洋聚集，而是防止在康熙帝年迈时发生骚乱。当时山东的两大事件对此决策产生了影响，一是废太子党与海寇的勾结叛乱，二是山东的礼仪之争。烟台开埠之前，，登、莱、青三府海口就是商船辐辏之地。自咸丰九年(1859年)始，清政府陆续在烟台、龙口、铁门关、石岛、金家口和胶州的塔埠头开设厘局征收海税，金家口厘局下设青岛分局。此后，烟台、青岛才开埠。这说明西方国家不是为山东创造了一个新的港口体系，而是利用了原有的港口体系为其服务。1905年济南、周村、潍县的自开商埠限制了西方国家的贸易扩张，促进了山东对外贸易的发展。清代山东对外贸易的兴盛表现在三方面。首先是山东形成了南北两个层次分明，地理分布合理的港口体系。其次是贸易范围扩大到欧洲、美洲和非洲。再次是贸易规模增长迅速。清代山东传统手工业和商品性农业的发展，为外贸的兴盛奠定了坚实的物质基础，沿海贸易又为外贸的发展开辟了新的渠道。从康熙开海到烟台开埠期间，山东通过上海、苏州、宁波等地进行的转口对外贸易尤为发达。烟台、青岛开埠后仍沿袭了这一传统的外贸形式，香港、上海和潮州成为山东对外贸易的三大中转港。1895年后，山东与日本、朝鲜的贸易额激增，使山东逐渐
[Abstract]:Previously, researches on foreign trade in Qing Dynasty focused on southeast coastal provinces, while foreign trade in Shandong was still outside academic field of vision. In fact, Shandong occupies an important position in the foreign trade system of Qing Dynasty and has distinct characteristics. The study of Shandong foreign trade in Qing Dynasty can not only serve as the basis of regional comparative study, but also help to clear up some outstanding problems in foreign trade in Qing Dynasty. Twelve years before Shunzhi (1655), whether or not the Qing Dynasty actually carried out the regulations of "Private exit and illegal entry into the Sea" in the Qing Dynasty was one of the hot points in the history circles for a long time. Shunzhi ten years (1653), the Qing government in the handling of Shandong Jimo female smuggling cases in Japan, its sentencing is based on the "private exit and illegal going into the sea" regulations. This shows that in Shunzhi 12 years ago, the Qing Dynasty began to control foreign trade. During the period of Shunzhi from 12 years to Kangxi 23 years (1684), Shandong's foreign trade policy showed obvious particularity compared with Fujian, Guangdong and other southeast coastal provinces. First, it was late to move to the sea. Fujian moved to the sea in Shunzhi eighteen years (1661), while Shandong was late to Kangxi two years (1663). Second, small efforts to move to the sea. Fujian and other places moved 30 to 50 miles to the sea, while Shandong only moved the residents of the islands inland. Third, open the sea early. Shandong Kaihai was at the beginning of Kangxi, five years earlier than southern Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces. Therefore, banning and moving sea is not an established policy of Qing government, but a temporary measure to guard against Qing forces such as Zheng Chenggong. The true purpose of the Qing government in 56 (1717) was neither to prohibit rice from leaving the sea nor to restrict the gathering of overseas Chinese in the Nanyang, but to prevent riots during Emperor Kangxi's old age. At that time, two major events in Shandong had an impact on this decision, one was the collusion between waste princelings and the sea invaders, the other was the etiquette dispute in Shandong. Yantai port before, Deng, Lai, Qingsanfu Haikou is the convergence of merchant ships. Since Xianfeng nine years (1859), the Qing government in Yantai, Longkou, Tiemen pass, Shidao, Jinjiakou and Jiaozhou Tabutou set up a bureau to collect sea taxes, Jinjiakouli Bureau set up a branch of Qingdao. Since then, Yantai, Qingdao just opened port. This shows that the western countries did not create a new port system for Shandong, but made use of the original port system to serve it. The opening of commercial ports in Jinan, Zhoucun and Weixian in 1905 restricted the trade expansion of western countries. Promoted the development of Shandong foreign trade. The prosperity of Shandong foreign trade in Qing Dynasty was manifested in three aspects. First of all, Shandong has formed two distinct north-south port system with reasonable geographical distribution. The second is the expansion of trade to Europe, the Americas and Africa. Again, the scale of trade is growing rapidly. The development of Shandong traditional handicraft industry and commodity agriculture in Qing Dynasty laid a solid material foundation for the prosperity of foreign trade, and the coastal trade opened up a new channel for the development of foreign trade. During the period from Kangxi Kaihai to Yantai, Shandong's entrepot trade through Shanghai, Suzhou and Ningbo was especially developed. Hong Kong, Shanghai and Chaozhou became the three major transit ports for Shandong's foreign trade after the opening of Yantai and Qingdao. After 1895, the volume of trade between Shandong and Japan and North Korea soared, making Shandong gradually.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K249

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