西汉官吏经济犯罪现象的文化透视

发布时间：2018-10-05 07:50

【摘要】： 当前我国以政府官员经济犯罪为主要表现的腐败现象屡禁不止，甚至象燎原野火，愈演愈烈。给国家和人民造成巨大的损失，并严重影响了我国政府的国际形象。中国传统文化的影响不可小视，官吏贪污腐败在两千年中国封建社会历朝历代都是相当普遍的，学者们对这一现象也进行了各种研究，几乎都认为专制主义中央集权的制度是产生这一现象的根本原因。在我看来，任何一种文化现象的产生都是多种文化要素交互作用的结果，因此，我认为还有别的因素在起着几乎同样重要的作用。本文选取西汉时代作为封建社会的一个缩影，研究导致官吏经济犯罪的诸种文化要素，并提出克服这些因素的一些建议，希望对当前的反腐斗争有所裨益。 全文共分四部分。第一部分为引言，主要介绍研究西汉官吏经济犯罪现象的价值之所。在研究西汉官吏经济犯罪现象，目的在于更好地理解当今社会官员贪污腐败的历史本质，为当今社会反腐斗争提供借鉴。 第二部分主要论述了西汉官吏经济犯罪基本状况及政府的反腐措施。西汉官吏经济犯罪现象渗透于官场上下各阶层，从三公到狱吏各级官吏采取各种手段中饱私囊。西汉统治者制定了严刑峻法惩治贪官污吏，并确立了立体的行政监督机制对中央和地方的行政工作进行广泛的监督和纠举。尽管如此，贪官墨吏层出不穷。 第三部分主要论述了导致西汉官吏经济犯罪的诸要素。其中前两个是主导要素。一是中国早期国家产生方式的影响。中国古代国家的产生经历了两个步骤，一是施舍聚民，，二是以家代国。施舍聚民决定了中国早期国家政治运行机制是典范政治。典范政治培养了一种上行下效的社会心理。君主奢侈淫靡，下层官吏就锦衣玉食，上层贪财好利，下级官吏就侵渔百姓，贪污腐败。以家代国，使天下成为一家天下，尤其是确立了官僚政治后，君主集立法、司法、行政于一身，不受控制，成为腐败的一个根源。以家代国，形成了皇帝高高在上的权力金字塔，每一级官吏都是为授予他权力的上级负责，要获得、巩固权力，就必须进行权力与财物的交换，权力腐败不可避免。权力自上而下，各级部门都是“一把手”说了算，“一把手”腐败起来易如反掌。另一个主导要素是“官本位”在中国文化中的作用。在现实主义的中国文化中，人们最看重的是今生的福寿财禄。在中国古代，当官正好是实现这一人生价值的最好手段。人们入仕居官为发财的文化本质，决定了只要有机会，官吏经济犯罪就是当然了。在官僚政治下，君臣之间是一种赤裸裸的互相利用关系，官吏的政治地位和所拥有的巨大权力随时可能化为乌有。因此，一旦入仕居官，官吏们就会变本加厉谋取私利，以备后用。受前两种文化要素制约的其它因素有：1、法律。法律的工具性使君主可以庇护一大批 权奸臣蠢兔于制裁。权力自上而下，使有内援的贪官污吏可以置身法外。法律的 可操作性，使法吏能深文巧低，陷人于罪，亦可曲解法律使有罪之人逃脱或减轻 制裁，而这都是以法吏权力腐败为基础的。2、监察。监察制度能在一定程度上 抵制腐败，但由于皇权的至上性，监察制度对佞幸宠臣也如白纸一张。如果再遇 上昏聘皇帝迫害正直监察官员，那么监察制度的脆弱自不待言。行政监督的自上 而下性，使上下级勾结谋私成为易事，而取名获利的入仕目的，使监察官员也很 容易与被监官吏合谋奸利。3、地方行政制度运行的弊端。在西汉，地方信息的 反馈是以上计为主的垂直的单渠道反馈系统为主，中央政令的下达也主要是通过 中央一郡一县各级政府层层下达。官吏成了联系中央与人民的中介，给了他们谋 私的机会。4、社会风气的影响，典范政治所造成的上行下效的社会心理，由于 汉儒对皇帝、官吏为民表率的提倡而更加强烈。皇帝富有四海，他们奢侈腐化被 视为当然。由于皇帝的容忍，使自己的宠幸臣锦衣玉食，为社会倡导了一种奢 侈风习，刺激人们的逐利之心，加强了官吏经济犯罪的动机。此外，纳货补官、 荫任等入仕途径以及低级官吏的傣禄微薄等也是导致官吏经济犯罪的一些因素。 第四部分为结语。导致西汉官吏经济犯罪的诸要素存在于封建社会始终，新 中国脱胎于旧社会，这些要素造成的观念在今天的中国社会上仍普遍存在，是造 成当今政府官员腐败的重要原因，要彻底摆脱这些观念的束缚，最根本的就是依 靠民主和法治。
[Abstract]:At present, the phenomenon of corruption, which is mainly manifested by the economic crime of government officials, has been banned more than once, and even as a result of corruption, it is becoming more and more fierce. It has caused great losses to the country and people, and seriously affected the international image of our government. The influence of Chinese traditional culture is not small, but corruption is quite common in two thousand years of Chinese feudal society. Scholars have studied this phenomenon, and almost all considered that the system of autocracy is the root cause of this phenomenon. In my opinion, the emergence of any kind of cultural phenomenon is the result of the interaction of various cultural elements, so I think there are other factors that play almost equally important roles. This paper chooses the western Han era as a microcosm of the feudal society, studies the cultural elements that lead to the economic crime, and puts forward some suggestions to overcome these factors, and hopes to be beneficial to the current anti-corruption struggle. The first part is divided into four parts: the first part is the introduction, the main introduction is to study the western Han nationality economy. The purpose of this study is to better understand the historical essence of corruption in today's society. It provides a reference for the fight against corruption. The second part mainly discusses the west. The basic situation of economic crime and the government's anti-corruption measures in the Han Dynasty. The rulers of the three gong to the prison officials took various measures to fill their pockets. The ruler of the Western Han Dynasty set up a strict punishment law to punish corrupt officials and established three-dimensional administrative supervision mechanism. Broad-ranging administrative work in both local and local areas Supervision and correction. Nevertheless, corrupt officials have emerged in an endless stream. Part III Main It is necessary to discuss the causes of the economic crime of the Western Han Dynasty The first two are the dominant elements. One is the impact of China's early state-of-the-art form. The generation of the ancient nation went through two steps, one was handouts, and two were In a family-generation country, handouts have determined China's early state affairs The mechanism of governance is the model politics. The model politics has developed a kind of social psychology with lower efficiency. The monarch's extravagant and extravagant, the lower layer In the case of the jade food, the upper layer is greedy and profitable, the lower-level eunuchs invade the fishing people, and corruption. In the home country, it makes the world a world, especially after the bureaucratic politics has been established. The monarch integrates legislation, justice, administration, and is not controlled and becomes a source of corruption. In the family generation, the pyramid of power of the emperor is formed, and every level of power is responsible for the superior to which he is entitled. In order to consolidate power, it is necessary to exchange power and property, and power corruption is inevitable. Power from top to bottom, all levels of departments are in charge of 鈥渁 handle鈥

本文编号：2252583