明代藏地施政的特殊性：古代中央王朝治理藏区的一种范式研究
发布时间：2018-10-10 13:51
【摘要】： 本文以现有汉藏文献为依据，并在广泛吸取和参考国内外有关研究成果的基础上，以宏观考察与纵横比较相结合的方法，对明朝治藏政策出台的背景，以及政治、经济、宗教与文化等有关举措进行深入系统的分析研究，进而展示出明朝对藏施政，从总体上讲，不仅符合其自身实力，而且顺应了藏地的历史与现实状况，不失为古代中央王朝治藏的一种较为成功的范式。 全文由五大部构成。第一，元明交替，不仅标志着古代中原王朝的又一次改朝换代，而更深层内涵是中央统治民族主体的换位与国内既有民族关系格局的打破。明朝对藏施政范式的最终确立，必然既要继承元朝治藏之传统，又要适应变化了的主客观形势。第二，以明朝在藏地的政权建构和对僧俗官员管理为研究切入点，进行纵横比较，揭示出明朝对藏的政治统治有别于前代和其他民族地区，又兼顾了藏地社会的多元化特征。即对藏地政治控制总体上具有非强制性特点，而藏地不同区域内，其控制的强度又有差异，表现出内紧外松(与中原距离而言)。同时，藏地作为明帝国版土的一部分，其政治统治的原则并未因藏地之特殊而放松。第三，藏地与中原传统生产和生活方式的差异，汉藏民族间经济上的互剂余缺，，原本是不同经济类型地区间客观要求。明统治者以此怍为辅助政治统治的突破口，运用经济手段弥补其政治和军事功能之不足，以之促进汉藏政治关系的健康发展。第四，通过对明朝对藏地的宗教文化政策的讨论，认为明朝对汉地与藏地的宗教政策，本质上均是借助宗教世俗功能为政治服务。但是，其侧重点又是有所不同，看重前者，是因其具备道德教化作用；关注后者，是因其不仅具有“化愚弥顽”之功能，而且更重的是可以“协助头目， 抚治人民”。同时，以儒家文化染化藏地，达到非汉族民族的汉化。第五，简要 总结明朝藏地施政的成败，以及它为后世提供的历史启迪。除此之外，本文在 研究过程中还对一些具体和有争议的问题进行了分析、论证，并提出了若干新 的见解。
[Abstract]:Based on the existing literature of Han and Tibetan, and on the basis of widely absorbing and referring to the relevant research results at home and abroad, and by the method of combining macroscopic investigation with vertical and horizontal comparison, this paper discusses the background, politics and economy of the policy of controlling Tibet in the Ming Dynasty. Religion and culture and other related measures have been deeply and systematically analyzed and studied, thus showing that the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, on the whole, not only conforms to its own strength, but also conforms to the historical and realistic conditions of Tibet. It is a successful paradigm for the ancient central dynasty to control Tibet. The full text consists of five parts. First, the alternation of Yuan and Ming not only marks another change of dynasty in the ancient Central Plains, but also has the deeper connotation of the transformation of the central governing subject and the breaking of the existing national relationship pattern in China. The final establishment of the paradigm of Tibetan administration in Ming Dynasty must not only inherit the tradition of Yuan Dynasty governing Tibet, but also adapt to the changing subjective and objective situation. Secondly, taking the regime construction of Ming Dynasty in Tibet and the management of monk and vulgar officials as the starting point, this paper makes a vertical and horizontal comparison, and reveals that the political rule of Ming Dynasty over Tibet is different from that of the former generation and other ethnic regions, and it also takes into account the pluralistic characteristics of Tibetan society. That is to say, the political control of Tibet is not mandatory in general, but the intensity of control is different in different regions of Tibet, showing the internal tight and outer loose (as far as the distance from the Central Plains). At the same time, Tibet as a part of the Ming Empire, the principles of political rule did not relax because of the special Tibet. Thirdly, the differences of traditional production and life style between Tibet and Central Plains, and the economic interaction between Han and Tibetan nationalities were originally the objective requirements of different economic regions. The rulers of Ming Dynasty used this as the breakthrough point to assist the political rule, and used economic means to make up for the deficiency of their political and military functions, and to promote the healthy development of the political relations between Han and Tibetan. Fourth, through the discussion of the religious and cultural policy of the Ming Dynasty to Tibet, it is concluded that the religious policy of the Ming Dynasty to the Han and Tibetan regions is essentially a political service with the help of the secular function of religion. However, its emphasis is different. The former is valued because it has the function of moral enlightenment, and the latter is concerned because it not only has the function of "turning the fool into a fool". What is more important is the ability to "assist the leader and caress the people." At the same time, the Confucian culture dyed the Tibetan areas, to achieve the Han nationality of the Han nationality. Fifth, briefly summarizes the success or failure of the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, and its historical enlightenment for future generations. In addition, in the course of the research, this paper also analyzes and demonstrates some specific and controversial issues. Some new opinions are put forward.
【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K248
本文编号：2262028
[Abstract]:Based on the existing literature of Han and Tibetan, and on the basis of widely absorbing and referring to the relevant research results at home and abroad, and by the method of combining macroscopic investigation with vertical and horizontal comparison, this paper discusses the background, politics and economy of the policy of controlling Tibet in the Ming Dynasty. Religion and culture and other related measures have been deeply and systematically analyzed and studied, thus showing that the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, on the whole, not only conforms to its own strength, but also conforms to the historical and realistic conditions of Tibet. It is a successful paradigm for the ancient central dynasty to control Tibet. The full text consists of five parts. First, the alternation of Yuan and Ming not only marks another change of dynasty in the ancient Central Plains, but also has the deeper connotation of the transformation of the central governing subject and the breaking of the existing national relationship pattern in China. The final establishment of the paradigm of Tibetan administration in Ming Dynasty must not only inherit the tradition of Yuan Dynasty governing Tibet, but also adapt to the changing subjective and objective situation. Secondly, taking the regime construction of Ming Dynasty in Tibet and the management of monk and vulgar officials as the starting point, this paper makes a vertical and horizontal comparison, and reveals that the political rule of Ming Dynasty over Tibet is different from that of the former generation and other ethnic regions, and it also takes into account the pluralistic characteristics of Tibetan society. That is to say, the political control of Tibet is not mandatory in general, but the intensity of control is different in different regions of Tibet, showing the internal tight and outer loose (as far as the distance from the Central Plains). At the same time, Tibet as a part of the Ming Empire, the principles of political rule did not relax because of the special Tibet. Thirdly, the differences of traditional production and life style between Tibet and Central Plains, and the economic interaction between Han and Tibetan nationalities were originally the objective requirements of different economic regions. The rulers of Ming Dynasty used this as the breakthrough point to assist the political rule, and used economic means to make up for the deficiency of their political and military functions, and to promote the healthy development of the political relations between Han and Tibetan. Fourth, through the discussion of the religious and cultural policy of the Ming Dynasty to Tibet, it is concluded that the religious policy of the Ming Dynasty to the Han and Tibetan regions is essentially a political service with the help of the secular function of religion. However, its emphasis is different. The former is valued because it has the function of moral enlightenment, and the latter is concerned because it not only has the function of "turning the fool into a fool". What is more important is the ability to "assist the leader and caress the people." At the same time, the Confucian culture dyed the Tibetan areas, to achieve the Han nationality of the Han nationality. Fifth, briefly summarizes the success or failure of the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, and its historical enlightenment for future generations. In addition, in the course of the research, this paper also analyzes and demonstrates some specific and controversial issues. Some new opinions are put forward.
【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K248
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 喜富裕;;明中后期乌思藏朝贡使进京朝贡改道原因探析[J];西藏研究;2010年04期
本文编号：2262028
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