西汉时期内外观的变迁:印制的视角

发布时间：2018-11-20 20:05

【摘要】：1960年代以后,日本学界有许多关于汉代"内臣"、"外臣"的研究,主要目的是弄清皇帝直接统治波及的范围。笔者从官印制度的视角重新讨论西汉时期的"内外观"。西汉官印制度有两个划时代的变化,即武帝元狩二年(前121)包含诸侯王、王国官在内的官印"标准规格"的创立和前汉末期"异民族专用印"样式的确立。前者意味着到元狩二年诸侯王自置官属,并且汉朝也认为他们是"外国"。武帝以前的汉皇帝支配的直接波及范围被限制汉直辖地之内,就是说,汉初汉直辖地的"内"、"外"比其他的"内"、"外"含有更深刻的差别,但在武帝时期,汉"天下"的"内"、"外"的重要性越发高,最重要的"外"的基准也移动到此。那么,异民族专用印的含义是什么?武帝以后到西汉末期正是汉朝使战国时代的"天下"范围形成一个"国家",此后,在旧有"天下"观念的基础上,重新建构更高层次的"天下"时期。当时汉朝的"外臣"基本都是异民族,他们的文化与汉朝不一样,所以汉朝作为异民族专用印的钮式选择蛇钮、驼钮,而强调异民族的"它"性。同时,除了匈奴单于以外的异民族王印的印文开头都有"汉"字,此事有可能反映汉朝认为匈奴单于以外的异民族王是与汉天子共有一个"天下"的存在。
[Abstract]:Since 1960's, there have been many studies on "internal ministers" and "foreign ministers" in Japanese academic circles, the main purpose of which is to find out the scope of the direct rule of the emperor. From the perspective of official printing system, the author rediscusses the internal appearance of the Western Han Dynasty. There were two epoch-making changes in the official seal system of the Western Han Dynasty, namely, the establishment of the "Standard Specification" of the official seal of the two years (121 before) including the kings of the emperors and the establishment of the style of "special seal for different nationalities" in the late Han Dynasty. The former means two years to Yuan Shou, the kings set their own official family, and the Han Dynasty also regarded them as "foreign." The direct spread of the former Emperor of the Han Dynasty was restricted within the territory under the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty, that is, the "inside", "outside" and "outside" of the territory directly under the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty in the early Han Dynasty contained more profound differences than those of the other "inside" and "outside", but in the period of Wu Emperor, The "inside" and "outside" of the Han Dynasty are becoming more and more important, and the most important "outside" benchmark has been moved here. So, what is the meaning of the special printing of different nationalities? From the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the end of the Western Han Dynasty, it was the Han Dynasty that formed a "state" in the warring States period, and then, on the basis of the old idea of "the world", the period of "the world" at a higher level was re-constructed. At that time, the "foreign ministers" of the Han Dynasty were basically foreign nationalities, and their culture was different from that of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the Han Dynasty, as a special seal for different nationalities, chose the snake button and the camel button, and emphasized the "it" nature of the other people. At the same time, the imprint of the different ethnic kingdoms except the Xiongnu has the word "Han" at the beginning, which may reflect the Han Dynasty's belief that the different ethnic kings of the Xiongnu share a "world" with the emperor of the Han Dynasty.
【作者单位】：日本中央大学文学部;
【分类号】：K234.1

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