先秦战争观研究
发布时间：2018-11-23 15:22
【摘要】：战争观是关于战争基本问题的理性认识。本文认为,先秦战争观大约经历了四种形态:天命战争观、民本战争观、功利战争观和战争观的初步融合。天命战争观盛行于三代,衰落于春秋,它是天命观在战争领域里的延伸。在当时人的观念里,“天”是发动战争的依据,制导着战争的进程,安排着战争的结局。战争进程中的诸多重大问题,都要通过祭祀和占卜的方式向天帝请示,求得指引和帮助。 春秋以后,天命观念衰微,民本思想出现。旧的伦理原则和道德规范动摇,禁锢人们思想行为的精神枷锁被冲破。这种变化深刻影响到了战争活动。战争观念由天命神鬼为主导向两个方向发展:一是民本战争观兴起;二是功利理性觉醒导致功利战争观勃兴。 民本战争观形成于春秋,但是,春秋时期的民本战争观,其立足点是要在战争中取胜,“抚民”只是手段,为己所用才是目的。春秋末期以后,道、儒、墨家的诸子们继承西周以来的民本思想又有发展,提倡关怀人、尊重人,以人的生存、安康为基准确定对待战争的态度。在他们的战争观里,人不仅是手段,也是目的。由于他们的哲学思想、政治理念、价值观不同,战争观也各具特色。 功利战争观一直为处于政治军事斗争核心的政治家、军事家们所青睐和推动。在先秦战争活动中,利益原则始终或隐或显地主导着战争的兴起、发展和结局。春秋末年以后,兵家、法家继承和发展了功利战争观,并使其理论化、系统化。战争中的功利追求不论在理论层面还是实践层面都开始大行其道、大张旗鼓。 战国后期,学术思想界出现了相互融合的新气象。战争观作为学术思想的一个重要方面,融合的趋势也非常明显。主要表现在三个方面:一是儒家以“仁”、“义”为核心的战争伦理思想,渐渐融入到了其他各家的战争观之中;二是儒、道等学派不再一概反对战争,否定战争,承认战争有其存在的价值。三是出现了企图兼采各家之长的重要著作:《吕氏春秋》。 在先秦战争观中,主要有三对矛盾相互角力,推动了先秦战争观的丰富和发展。 第一,战争目的上的服人与兼并。先秦战争目的发展大约可分三个时期:一是以争夺生存空间、掠夺财富为目的的原始部落战争(本文不涉及);二是以“服人”为目的的三代战争;三是以“兼并”为目的的战国时期的战争。春秋战争是“服人”向“兼并”的过渡期。 第二,战争手段上的重人道与重实力。所谓重人道,有两个层面的内容:1、黜暴力而重仁义。坚信“仁义”等道德手段有比战争暴力更有效、更深刻的征服力,因而否定战争。2、不完全否定战争,但是,希望用道德手段抑制战争暴力的过度使用。这种伦理建构,大都是思想家们的主张,基本上没有被政治家、军事家们所认可和采纳,因此,对当时的战争活动影响不大。注重实力是战争理性的表现。兵家、法家是其代表。相对而言,兵家更为重视软实力,特别是将帅的谋略能力,并对此作了非常深入地研究。法家更为重视硬实力,着力于提高硬实力。法家把“耕”与“战”紧紧地连在一起,就是这种思想的反映。
[Abstract]:The concept of war is a rational understanding of the basic problems of the war. In this paper, the concept of war in the pre-Qin period is about four forms: the view of God's life, the war view of the people, the view of the utility war and the preliminary fusion of the war view. The view of God's life is in three generations, fading in the spring and autumn, it is the extension of the life view in the field of war. in that man's idea, "Day" It is the basis of the war, the process of guiding the war, and the outcome of the war. In the course of the war, many of the major problems are to be given to the emperor by the way of sacrifice and divination, to seek guidance and help. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the concept of God's life The old ethics principle and the moral standard are shaken, and the thought line of the people is forbidden. The mental shackles are broken. This kind of change is deep. in that course of war, the concept of war is mainly directed to two direction: one is the rise of the war view of the people, and the second is the awakening of the utility reason. The war view of the people is formed in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the people in the Spring and Autumn Period are in the view of the war, and the foothold is to win in the war. In the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the people of the Mo family inherited the thought of the people since the Western Zhou Dynasty, and promoted the caring and respect for the people. The existence and well-being of the human being the basis of the determination of the attitude to the war. In their war view, man is not only a means, but also a purpose. Because of their philosophy, The political idea, the values are different, the war view also has its own characteristics. The utility war The view has always been for politicians and militaries at the heart of the political military struggle. In the pre-Qin war In the event of an activity, the principle of interest always or implicitly leads to the rise, development and outcome of the war. In the end of the spring and Autumn period, After that, the soldiers and the legal family inherit and develop the view of the utility war and make it theoretical and systematic. The pursuit of utility, whether at the theoretical level or the practical level, is beginning to be great In the later period of the Warring States Period, the academic and ideological circles The concept of war is an important aspect of the academic thought, and the trend of integration It is also very obvious that the main performance is in three aspects: one is the "鈥淩en ",鈥，
本文编号：2351892
[Abstract]:The concept of war is a rational understanding of the basic problems of the war. In this paper, the concept of war in the pre-Qin period is about four forms: the view of God's life, the war view of the people, the view of the utility war and the preliminary fusion of the war view. The view of God's life is in three generations, fading in the spring and autumn, it is the extension of the life view in the field of war. in that man's idea, "Day" It is the basis of the war, the process of guiding the war, and the outcome of the war. In the course of the war, many of the major problems are to be given to the emperor by the way of sacrifice and divination, to seek guidance and help. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the concept of God's life The old ethics principle and the moral standard are shaken, and the thought line of the people is forbidden. The mental shackles are broken. This kind of change is deep. in that course of war, the concept of war is mainly directed to two direction: one is the rise of the war view of the people, and the second is the awakening of the utility reason. The war view of the people is formed in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the people in the Spring and Autumn Period are in the view of the war, and the foothold is to win in the war. In the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the people of the Mo family inherited the thought of the people since the Western Zhou Dynasty, and promoted the caring and respect for the people. The existence and well-being of the human being the basis of the determination of the attitude to the war. In their war view, man is not only a means, but also a purpose. Because of their philosophy, The political idea, the values are different, the war view also has its own characteristics. The utility war The view has always been for politicians and militaries at the heart of the political military struggle. In the pre-Qin war In the event of an activity, the principle of interest always or implicitly leads to the rise, development and outcome of the war. In the end of the spring and Autumn period, After that, the soldiers and the legal family inherit and develop the view of the utility war and make it theoretical and systematic. The pursuit of utility, whether at the theoretical level or the practical level, is beginning to be great In the later period of the Warring States Period, the academic and ideological circles The concept of war is an important aspect of the academic thought, and the trend of integration It is also very obvious that the main performance is in three aspects: one is the "鈥淩en ",鈥，
本文编号：2351892
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