明清之际士人的异化
发布时间：2018-12-31 16:25
【摘要】： 天下四民:士、农、工、商。四民各司其职,各守本分。士为四民之首,以“修身,齐家,治国,平天下”为己任,坚信“书中自有黄金屋,书中自有颜如玉”。明代中后期,随着商品经济的发展,明代的世风发生了巨大的变化,崇尚奢靡,浮华;传统的程朱理学在此时也受到极大的冲击,陆王心学以及其他异端思想逐渐被普遍认可和接受;在此种情况下,明末的士人表现出了与传统概念上的“士”不同的一面,但这种变化不是一蹴而就的,而是经历了一个漫长的发展过程,最终在明末的时候全面爆发。 明清之际是一个功利主义昂扬的时期。当时社会上弥漫着一股逐利之风,世俗功利价值观得到空前的张扬。不仅在商人中间,而且在一些商品经济发达的地区形成了一种视功利为衡量价值的惟一尺度的价值标准。拜金主义是世俗功利价值观的极端形式。这时期拜金主义的高涨是人们的功利意识觉醒和解放的标志。明清之际的人并没有完全走向非道德主义,但他们讲究的是道德功利主义。社会风气的转变,引起了士人价值观、道德观和人生观的转变,即本文所说的士的异化现象,在士人中出现了逃禅归隐、弃儒从商、纵欲享乐的行为。这不仅说明了封建的统治秩序遭到严重的冲击,也反映出士人对自己的人生道路做出重新的评价和选择。 明清史的资料汗牛充栋,而明清易代之际,由于封建国家控制力的弱化,以及长久以来形成的文人喜欢立言的传统,明清之际不论官方史书还是野史笔记,或是世俗读物,如小说、笑话等都包含着丰富的资料,有着很大的研究价值。史学界关于明末士人的研究成果是很丰富的,仅相关的史学论文就不下百篇,还有许多相关的书籍陆续出版,给我的写作提供了便利条件。 本文分为引言、正文和结语三个部分,引言部分主要对“士”作了一个较为详细的解释;正文又分三个部分,第一部分为明代士人的人格塑造,目的在于说明明末士人的异化不是突然发生的,它是一个不断发展的过程,从明初就已经埋下了伏笔;第二部分叙述了士人异化的具体表现;第三部分则分析了现象产生的原因。结语则是对文章的总结和升华。当然本文还是有许多不足之处,需要不断地充实和提高。
[Abstract]:Four people under the world: Shi, agriculture, industry, business. The four people perform their duties and observe their duties. Shi is the head of the four people, "self-cultivation, Qi, rule the country, calm the world" as their own responsibility, firmly believed that "the book has its own gold house, the book own Yan Ruyu." In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the development of commodity economy, great changes took place in the world style of Ming Dynasty, advocating extravagance and splendor; At this time, the traditional Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu was also greatly impacted, and Lu Wang Xinxue and other heresy thought were gradually accepted and accepted. In this case, the scholars in the late Ming Dynasty showed a different side from the traditional concept of "scholar", but this change was not accomplished overnight, but experienced a long process of development, and finally broke out in the end of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming and Qing dynasties were a period of high utilitarianism. At that time, there was a trend of pursuit of profit, secular utilitarian values were unprecedented publicity. Not only among merchants, but also in some developed areas of commodity economy, a kind of value standard which regards utility as the sole measure of value. Money worship is the extreme form of secular utilitarian values. The rise of money worship in this period was the symbol of people's awakening and liberation of utilitarian consciousness. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, people did not go to immorality completely, but they emphasized moral utilitarianism. The change of social ethos has caused the changes of the scholars' values, morality and outlook on life, that is, the alienation phenomenon of the taxi mentioned in this article, and the behavior of escaping from Zen retreat, abandoning Confucianism and taking part in business, and indulging in pleasure among the scholars. This not only indicates that the feudal ruling order has been seriously impacted, but also reflects the scholars' re-evaluation and choice of their own way of life. The history of the Ming and Qing dynasties was full of materials, and when the Ming and Qing dynasties changed generations, due to the weakening of the feudal state's control and the long tradition of literati who liked to speak, whether official history books, wild history notes, or secular books were formed in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Such as novels, jokes and so on contain rich information, have great research value. The research results of scholars in the late Ming Dynasty are very rich. There are no fewer than 100 related historical papers, and many related books have been published one after another, which provides a convenient condition for my writing. This paper is divided into three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. The text is divided into three parts, the first part is the personality shaping of the Ming Dynasty scholars, the purpose is to explain that the alienation of the scholars in the late Ming Dynasty is not a sudden occurrence, it is a process of continuous development, from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty has laid down the foreshadowing; The second part describes the specific manifestations of the alienation of scholars, the third part analyzes the causes of the phenomenon. The conclusion is the summary and sublimation of the article. Of course, this paper still has many shortcomings, need to constantly enrich and improve.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248
本文编号：2396832
[Abstract]:Four people under the world: Shi, agriculture, industry, business. The four people perform their duties and observe their duties. Shi is the head of the four people, "self-cultivation, Qi, rule the country, calm the world" as their own responsibility, firmly believed that "the book has its own gold house, the book own Yan Ruyu." In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the development of commodity economy, great changes took place in the world style of Ming Dynasty, advocating extravagance and splendor; At this time, the traditional Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu was also greatly impacted, and Lu Wang Xinxue and other heresy thought were gradually accepted and accepted. In this case, the scholars in the late Ming Dynasty showed a different side from the traditional concept of "scholar", but this change was not accomplished overnight, but experienced a long process of development, and finally broke out in the end of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming and Qing dynasties were a period of high utilitarianism. At that time, there was a trend of pursuit of profit, secular utilitarian values were unprecedented publicity. Not only among merchants, but also in some developed areas of commodity economy, a kind of value standard which regards utility as the sole measure of value. Money worship is the extreme form of secular utilitarian values. The rise of money worship in this period was the symbol of people's awakening and liberation of utilitarian consciousness. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, people did not go to immorality completely, but they emphasized moral utilitarianism. The change of social ethos has caused the changes of the scholars' values, morality and outlook on life, that is, the alienation phenomenon of the taxi mentioned in this article, and the behavior of escaping from Zen retreat, abandoning Confucianism and taking part in business, and indulging in pleasure among the scholars. This not only indicates that the feudal ruling order has been seriously impacted, but also reflects the scholars' re-evaluation and choice of their own way of life. The history of the Ming and Qing dynasties was full of materials, and when the Ming and Qing dynasties changed generations, due to the weakening of the feudal state's control and the long tradition of literati who liked to speak, whether official history books, wild history notes, or secular books were formed in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Such as novels, jokes and so on contain rich information, have great research value. The research results of scholars in the late Ming Dynasty are very rich. There are no fewer than 100 related historical papers, and many related books have been published one after another, which provides a convenient condition for my writing. This paper is divided into three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. The text is divided into three parts, the first part is the personality shaping of the Ming Dynasty scholars, the purpose is to explain that the alienation of the scholars in the late Ming Dynasty is not a sudden occurrence, it is a process of continuous development, from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty has laid down the foreshadowing; The second part describes the specific manifestations of the alienation of scholars, the third part analyzes the causes of the phenomenon. The conclusion is the summary and sublimation of the article. Of course, this paper still has many shortcomings, need to constantly enrich and improve.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 段毅飞;“二拍”文化内涵的多元解读[D];哈尔滨师范大学;2011年
2 孙国柱;天然函罡和尚禅学思想研究[D];南京大学;2012年
3 孙国柱;天然函f0和尚禅学思想研究[D];南京大学;2012年
，本文编号：2396832
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