盛衰之际—乾隆后期士人思想动态研究
发布时间：2019-04-04 15:28
【摘要】： 在乾隆帝统治的六十余年时间里，清朝的政治、经济、文化、军事等各个领域的成就都达到巅峰，因此乾隆朝当之无愧地被称为“盛世”。然而在乾隆帝身后仅四十余年，大清帝国面临西方列强的军事进攻时，却已出现明显的衰颓之象，从此以后，清王朝就一直深陷内忧外患之中无力自拔。现在学界在剖析、总结清王朝由盛转衰的历史原因时，大都会追溯至乾隆后期，但学界特别是文学研究者仍未对乾隆后期进行聚焦式地、深入地研究，研究专著则迄今未见。本文以《盛衰之际——乾隆后期士人思想动态研究》为题，对乾隆后期正在潜移暗转的社会风气、士人阶层所独有的思想心态以及文学领域的独特面貌等方面问题，既描述其总体面貌，又探寻其形成原因，并揭示各种现象之间的联系，力图对清代政治、学术文化及文学研究尚属薄弱的环节，作深入地探讨。 本文共分四章，第一章《盛中有衰的历史环境》主要描述经济、吏治、文化、军事及外交等各个领域的总体面貌，指出一些历史现象盛中伏衰、似盛实衰的实质。第二章《士人政治思想和态度》指出士人阶层在皇权与权臣的双重挤压下丧失了话语权，大批士大夫辞官退隐，，与政治保持疏离状态，部分中下层知识分子欲以圣贤自任，提出治国拯弊之道，却非但得不到重用，反而被讥为狂怪之士。本文试图通过深入剖析整个士人阶层在政治上无所作为的事实，揭示出盛世政治对人才的耗弊，从而勾画出盛世不得不走向衰落的必然之势。第三章《学术领域的思想动态研究》通过对学术界汉宋之争的分析及乾嘉学术兴盛原因的剖析，指出部分学者对程朱理学的批判带着强烈的经世意图，但由于官方势力太强，他们的哲学思想体系无法对现实产生实际的影响力。而大批士人争相从事学术研究，往往出于现实功利的目的，导致了学术独立品性的丧失，并且使士人丧失了现实的关怀精神，成为与空谈心性者一样的不切时务者。第四章《文学领域的思想动态研究》指出与士人在政治上话语权丧失相对应，文学领域也出现了一些怪现象，政治权势人物成为政坛与文坛的两栖怪物，他们以凭借权位获取文学声名，又以文学声名装点权位。针对最大的政治权势握有者乾隆帝的谀颂之风也越刮越烈。考据学术开始向文坛渗透，大批士人放弃文学创作，转而从事学术研究。这些怪现象最终都导致了文学独立性的丧失，文学被挤压到边缘，使得这一时期的文学成就普遍不高。对袁枚生谀 死仙的背后，实际上是传统伦理道德的支配力量在起作用，针对袁枚的批 判与学术领域的汉宋之争有着相同的思想背景。花雅之争是这一时期戏曲 领域最为突出的现象，本文指出士人审美风尚的浮靡是花雅之争产生的一 个重要原因。
[Abstract]:During the six decades of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the achievements of the Qing Dynasty in politics, economy, culture, military and other fields reached its peak, so the Qianlong Dynasty was well deserved to be called the "prosperous era". However, only more than 40 years after Emperor Qianlong, when the Qing Dynasty was confronted with the military attack by the Western powers, there was an obvious image of decay. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has been in the midst of internal and external troubles and was unable to extricate itself. In analyzing and summarizing the historical reasons of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty, the metropolis dates back to the late Qianlong period, but the academic circles, especially the literary researchers, have not carried out a focused and in-depth study on the latter period of the Qianlong Dynasty, and the monographs have not been found yet. Based on the topic of "A dynamic study of Scholars' thoughts in the Post-Qianlong period", this paper deals with the social atmosphere in the late Qianlong period, the unique mentality of the scholar class and the unique features of the literary field, and so on. This paper not only describes its overall appearance, but also explores the causes of its formation, and reveals the relationship between various phenomena, and tries to make a deep discussion on the weak links in the study of politics, academic culture and literature in the Qing Dynasty. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes the general features of economy, administration of officials, culture, military affairs and diplomacy, and points out the essence of some historical phenomena, such as prosperity and decline, like prosperity and decline. The second chapter, "political ideology and attitude of Scholars", points out that the scholar class has lost their right to speak under the dual pressure of imperial power and power, that a large number of scholar-officials have retired from office and remain alienated from politics, and that some of the intellectuals of the middle and lower strata want to be saints themselves. Put forward the way to save the disadvantages of the country, but not re-use, but was ridiculed as a madman. By deeply analyzing the fact that the whole scholar class has not done anything in politics, this paper attempts to reveal the abuse of the talented person by the politics of the prosperous era, thus drawing a picture of the inevitable trend that the prosperous age had to go to decline. The third chapter, "the dynamic study of thought in the academic field", through the analysis of the dispute between the Han and Song dynasties in academia and the reason for the academic prosperity of Qianjia Dynasty, points out that some scholars' criticism of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism has a strong intention of the world, but because the official power is too strong, Their philosophical thought system has no practical influence on reality. But a large number of scholars engaged in academic research, often for the purpose of practical utility, leading to the loss of academic independence, and the scholars lost the realistic spirit of concern, and become the same as the empty talk about the current affairs of the person. The fourth chapter, "Research on the ideological Dynamics in the Literary Field", points out that, corresponding to the loss of the scholar's political discourse power, there are also some strange phenomena in the literary field, and that the political power figures have become amphibious monsters in the political and literary circles. They gained literary fame by virtue of power, and decorated it with literary fame. The wind of flattery against Emperor Qianlong, the biggest holder of political power, grew stronger. Academic research began to penetrate into the literary world, a large number of scholars gave up literary creation, and instead engaged in academic research. These strange phenomena eventually led to the loss of literary independence, and literature was squeezed to the edge, making the literary achievements of this period generally low. Behind the flattery of Yuan Mei-sheng's immortals, in fact, the dominant power of traditional ethics and morality is at work. There is the same ideological background between Yuan Mei's criticism and the dispute between the Han and Song dynasties in the academic field. The dispute of flower and elegance is the most prominent phenomenon in the field of opera in this period. This paper points out that the flourishing aesthetic style of the scholar is an important reason for the emergence of the dispute of flowers and elegance.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K249.3
本文编号：2453946
[Abstract]:During the six decades of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the achievements of the Qing Dynasty in politics, economy, culture, military and other fields reached its peak, so the Qianlong Dynasty was well deserved to be called the "prosperous era". However, only more than 40 years after Emperor Qianlong, when the Qing Dynasty was confronted with the military attack by the Western powers, there was an obvious image of decay. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has been in the midst of internal and external troubles and was unable to extricate itself. In analyzing and summarizing the historical reasons of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty, the metropolis dates back to the late Qianlong period, but the academic circles, especially the literary researchers, have not carried out a focused and in-depth study on the latter period of the Qianlong Dynasty, and the monographs have not been found yet. Based on the topic of "A dynamic study of Scholars' thoughts in the Post-Qianlong period", this paper deals with the social atmosphere in the late Qianlong period, the unique mentality of the scholar class and the unique features of the literary field, and so on. This paper not only describes its overall appearance, but also explores the causes of its formation, and reveals the relationship between various phenomena, and tries to make a deep discussion on the weak links in the study of politics, academic culture and literature in the Qing Dynasty. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes the general features of economy, administration of officials, culture, military affairs and diplomacy, and points out the essence of some historical phenomena, such as prosperity and decline, like prosperity and decline. The second chapter, "political ideology and attitude of Scholars", points out that the scholar class has lost their right to speak under the dual pressure of imperial power and power, that a large number of scholar-officials have retired from office and remain alienated from politics, and that some of the intellectuals of the middle and lower strata want to be saints themselves. Put forward the way to save the disadvantages of the country, but not re-use, but was ridiculed as a madman. By deeply analyzing the fact that the whole scholar class has not done anything in politics, this paper attempts to reveal the abuse of the talented person by the politics of the prosperous era, thus drawing a picture of the inevitable trend that the prosperous age had to go to decline. The third chapter, "the dynamic study of thought in the academic field", through the analysis of the dispute between the Han and Song dynasties in academia and the reason for the academic prosperity of Qianjia Dynasty, points out that some scholars' criticism of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism has a strong intention of the world, but because the official power is too strong, Their philosophical thought system has no practical influence on reality. But a large number of scholars engaged in academic research, often for the purpose of practical utility, leading to the loss of academic independence, and the scholars lost the realistic spirit of concern, and become the same as the empty talk about the current affairs of the person. The fourth chapter, "Research on the ideological Dynamics in the Literary Field", points out that, corresponding to the loss of the scholar's political discourse power, there are also some strange phenomena in the literary field, and that the political power figures have become amphibious monsters in the political and literary circles. They gained literary fame by virtue of power, and decorated it with literary fame. The wind of flattery against Emperor Qianlong, the biggest holder of political power, grew stronger. Academic research began to penetrate into the literary world, a large number of scholars gave up literary creation, and instead engaged in academic research. These strange phenomena eventually led to the loss of literary independence, and literature was squeezed to the edge, making the literary achievements of this period generally low. Behind the flattery of Yuan Mei-sheng's immortals, in fact, the dominant power of traditional ethics and morality is at work. There is the same ideological background between Yuan Mei's criticism and the dispute between the Han and Song dynasties in the academic field. The dispute of flower and elegance is the most prominent phenomenon in the field of opera in this period. This paper points out that the flourishing aesthetic style of the scholar is an important reason for the emergence of the dispute of flowers and elegance.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K249.3
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前2条
1 刘方玲;清朝前期帝王道统形象的建立[D];南开大学;2010年
2 赵星;乾嘉杂剧形态研究[D];首都师范大学;2012年
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 赵娜;好奇狂客 风云歌诗[D];内蒙古大学;2006年
本文编号：2453946
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