萨迦地方政权体制探析

发布时间：2018-01-25 17:06

本文关键词： 元朝萨迦派地方政权体制结构　出处：《西藏民族学院》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 萨迦地方政权(1265年—1360年)在藏族历史上占有非常重要的位置,它是元朝对藏施政管理中地方上的一个行政机构;其前身是大约13世纪,西藏地方兴起的一个重要教派--萨迦派。该派经萨迦“五代祖师”的辛勤开创,逐渐成为了一支在藏区具有强大影响力的势力集团。1247年,该派的领袖萨班与蒙古上层举行了具有历史意义的凉州会谈。通过这次会谈,西藏地方顺利归附蒙古汗国,萨迦派在藏区的统领地位开始确立。随着蒙古汗国的统一,1265年八思巴和其弟奉忽必烈之命返藏筹建西藏地方行政机构--萨迦地方政权,它历经三年得以建立完成。这个政权是一个以萨迦派僧人为最高首领的地方政权,它大体上分两个系统:以帝师或萨迦座主(萨迦主持)为首的宗教系统;以萨迦本钦为首的行政系统。从此,以帝师为首的萨迦寺首任座主组成的宗教系统和萨迦寺“本钦”组成的行政系统,结合在一起成了萨迦地方政权的首脑和行政长官。它的形成和建立,也是西藏政教合一制度早期发展阶段的开始。萨迦地方政权建立后,在元中央的支持和安排下,通过历代帝师或本钦的努力,政权逐步的稳定,组织机构得到了进一步的发展和完善,它成为了当时元朝中央管理西藏地方事务的一支重要力量,也是当时藏区各个教派势力的最高领导机构。在历史上存在的一百多年,它坚定地执行元中央在藏区的大小施政方针,积极地履行自己的职责和义务。萨迦政权在第六任萨迦寺座主达尼钦波桑波贝时走向了鼎盛,此时,萨迦派的势力基本上控制了整个卫藏地区。这时期西藏地区实现了社会的稳定、经济的发展、文化的繁荣。藏区原本割据的势力在萨迦政权的统一安排和调配下,进行着各自的建设和发展。经过一段时间的兴盛期,到14世纪初,随着元朝的衰败和对其支持力的减弱,它逐渐的走向了衰落,其独特的组织形式和制定的一系列规章制度遭到了破坏。在达尼钦波桑波贝的晚年,萨迦派由来已久所积蓄的内外矛盾终于爆发,……于是在复杂多变的历史背景下,身为大元帝师贡嘎罗追坚赞将萨迦地方政权分成细脱、仁钦岗、拉康以及都却等四个拉章给自己的异母兄弟,从此萨迦政权开始解体。最终在元朝末年(1360年),元顺帝赐给帕竹首领绛求坚赞象征地方权力的虎纽印章。①这标志着帕竹地方政权的崛起和萨迦政权的衰亡。分裂后的萨迦政权,政治上失势,偏安一隅,但是它仍然是后藏地区不可小觑的一支政教力量,仍保留萨迦政权的组织特点。元末明初,萨迦法王权势被噶举派夺取,其势力逐渐衰弱,但教派的传承始终没有停止。后来萨迦派分裂的四个拉章中其中的三支绝嗣,只留下都却拉章一支,这支拉章一直延续至今。萨迦地方政权的建立尽管未从根本上结束藏区各个教派多元、分散的政治格局,但是却为结束长期以来藏区各个教派互不统属、相互内斗的局面开了好头,也使割据的教派势力能够在一个兼容并蓄、机构完整的政教机构的领导下发展和进步;它在历史上存在的一百年,积极的发挥着自身建设作用,这为当时乃至后世朝代的政治、宗教、文化等方面起到了不可估量的影响。它一定程度上解放和促进了藏区生产力的向前发展。由它所主导的政教合一制的“雏形”随着后世不断地完善,这为后来西藏地方上实现真正意义和范围内上的政教合一制奠定了基础,对后来西藏行政体制的建设产生了十分重大的影响;当然,它在历史上起到的积极作用我们应给与充分肯定,对其消极的影响我们也应有所认识。通过研究这段历史就会发现:萨迦政权自身的建立始终依靠的是中央王朝的扶持,一旦元朝衰落,它也逃脱不了衰亡的命运。本论文将以辨证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导,在广泛收集国内、外及藏、汉文资料的基础上,利用文献引用法和对比研究法,对西藏萨迦地方政权进行初步的探析。
[Abstract]:The local government (1265 - 1360) occupies a very important position in the Tibetan history, it is the Yuan Dynasty to an administrative agency in the management of the local Tibetan policy; its predecessor is Tibet about thirteenth Century, the rise of an important place. The Sakya sect: sent by Sakya "five generation patriarch" hard to create and gradually become a powerful force in Tibet group.1247, the faction leader Sarbanes and Mongolia top held a historic meeting in Liangzhou. Through this meeting, Tibet successfully joined the Khanate of Mongolia, Sakya began to establish the position of command in Tibetan inhabited areas. With the unification of Mongolia khanate, 1265 eight Si Ba and his brother Kublai's orders to Tibet to build local administrative institutions in Tibet -- Sakya local regime, it took three years to build. This regime is a supreme leader of the Sakya monks The local government, it is roughly divided into two systems: the emperor teacher or principal (Sakya Sakya seat chair) led by the religious system; administrative system led by Shakya Ben Cin. From then on, the emperor division led by the first main composition of the Sakya Sakya Monastery "religious system and administrative system composed of Ben Qin", combined with the as the local government of the Sakya leader and chief executive. Its formation and establishment, but also to Tibet and began the early stages of development of the system.
The local regime, the yuan central support and arrangement, through the ancient emperors or Ben Qin efforts, power gradually stable, the organization has been further developed and perfected, it has become an important force in the Tibet when the central management of local affairs, the supreme leadership body was the Tibetan sect forces. In the history of more than 100 years, it firmly implement the central element in the size of the Tibetan policy, actively fulfill their duties and obligations.
Sakya Sakya Monastery as main Daniqin sang Burbage in sixth when the wave to the peak, the Sagya basically controlled the forces of the whole Tibetan area in Tibet. This period of social stability, economic development, cultural prosperity. The Tibetan separatist forces in the original unified arrangement and deployment of Sakya under the construction and development of their prosperity. After a period of time period, until the beginning of fourteenth Century, with the decline of the Yuan Dynasty and the decreased support force, it gradually declined, its unique form of organization and formulated a series of rules and regulations have been destroyed. In Daniqin wave sang Burbage later, Sakya has had long-standing internal and external contradictions finally broke out. So in the complex historical background, as the Yuan emperor teacher Gongga Luo Gyaltsen will chase Sakya local regime into fine removal, Lacan and eqin gang. The four chapter is drawn to his half brother, since Sakya began to disintegrate. Eventually in the Yuan Dynasty (1360), the Emperor gave phachu leader Jiang Gyaltsen for symbol of local power. The new tiger seal which marks the rise of the local government of the phachu and Sakya decline.
After splitting the Sakya, political power, a part of the country, but it is still a political force after Tibet should not be overlooked, still retains characteristics of Sakya. Yuanmomingchu, Sakya king power was seized the Kagyu, forces gradually weakened, but the religious heritage has never stopped. Three ended in four pull a later chapter in the Sakya division, leaving all but pull a chapter, pull the chapter continues today.
The local regime established despite not fundamentally over Tibetan sect pluralism, political pattern scattered, but for a long time in the end of all denominations do not belong to the system, the situation in fighting each other to open a good start, the separatist sectarian forces can in a compatible and build, complete the leadership of political institutions under development and progress; it exists in the history of one hundred years, the positive role of self construction, it is at that time and even the later dynasties political, religious, cultural and other aspects played an inestimable effect. It is to some extent and promote the development of Tibetan liberation productivity. It dominated by the theocratic system the "prototype" with future generations continuously improve, which laid the foundation for the later implementation of Tibet local theocratic system the real meaning and scope of the later construction of administrative system in Tibet to produce Of course, its positive role in history, of course, should be fully affirmed, and we should be aware of its negative effects.
Through the study of this period of history will find: the establishment of Sakya itself is always rely on the support of the central government, once the decline, it also can not escape the fate of death. This paper takes the dialectical materialism and historical materialism, in the extensive collection of domestic and abroad, based on the data of Tibetan, Chinese, use Citation Method and comparative research method, the preliminary analysis on Tibet Sagya local authorities.

【学位授予单位】：西藏民族学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K297

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