从社会分层看明代象棋文化活动

发布时间：2018-01-12 12:04

本文关键词：从社会分层看明代象棋文化活动　出处：《陕西师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：棋类活动,向来和弹琴、绘画、书法并称为四大艺术。象棋之所以被人们喜欢,在于它的奥妙性和趣味性,几乎成为了人民文化生活所不可或缺的组成部分。象棋的意义主要在三个方面,一是用闲来无事,相约几人下棋打闷的玩艺,具有游戏性的娱乐性；二是下棋者双方在棋盘上你来我往地斗智斗力,具有战斗性和竞争性的特点；三是下棋大多能反映出人们的某些情怀,具有象征性和哲理性。世事人生一局棋,象棋颇能体现具有哲学意味的人生态度。明代是象棋定制后发展的一个高潮时期,为后人留下了许多宝贵的象棋著作,本文从三个方面分析明代象棋发展的特点和影响,并结合社会分层的理论来探讨明代象棋发展的深层原因。第一章对象棋的起源和发展作了介绍,起源部分印度起源说和本土象棋起源传说两部分,最后得出象棋是在中国土生土长之物,是我国古代人民对棋戏不断革新的产物；发展部分从时间顺序介绍象棋的发展历程,象棋最初为六博,产生于商代,经春秋秦汉的发展,衍化为大博小博和塞戏几种形制；其雏形其为魏晋至唐,代表形制为北周象棋和宝应象棋；宋朝是象棋的发展和定型时期,北宋司马光改良了双人象棋为七国象棋,晃补之亦创广象戏,丰富了象棋的发展。至北宋末,现代象棋定型,其造型已演进为平面化,同现代象棋无二。第二章主要是从三个不同阶层来分析象棋在明代的发展状况,贵族阶层象棋的发展同统治者的好恶有关,从明太祖时的禁止到明成祖永乐时的重新兴起,再到晚明象棋的堕落,亦反映了贵族阶层的生活特征；士大夫阶层象棋贡献突出,并对弈贵象贱的现状作出了反击,但晚明时,仍旧难免堕落；市民阶层象棋繁盛是明代象棋发展的突出特点,象棋越来越生活化,并踊现出大批市民化了的文人士大夫们,促进了市民象棋的发展。第三章主要是从阶级分层的理论来分析明代象棋市民化大发展的原因和特点。中国古代的阶层分明,各阶层的喜恶上有很大差异,但随着明代商品经济的发展,市民文化越来越迫近其它阶层文化,微妙地影响了贵族阶层和文人士大夫们的文化情节,达到了各阶层文化融合的目的。这种融合在当时的背景下来说是难能可贵的,但不能排除的一个基本点便是象棋活动的发展密切受到当时社会环境的影响。结语部分总结了明代象棋发展的特点,并分析了明代象棋对于清朝象棋发展的影响,和现代象棋市民化的诟病和所应坚守的问题。
[Abstract]:Chess has always been played with the piano, painting and calligraphy as the four major arts. Chess is popular because of its mystery and fun. Chess has become an indispensable part of people's cultural life. The meaning of chess is mainly in three aspects. Second, the two sides of the chess game on the chessboard, with the characteristics of fighting war and competition; Third, most of chess can reflect some feelings of people, symbolic and philosophical. Life a game of chess, chess can quite reflect the philosophy of life attitude. Ming Dynasty is a climax period after the development of chess customization, leaving many valuable chess works for future generations. This paper analyzes the characteristics and influence of the development of Ming Dynasty chess from three aspects. And combined with the theory of social stratification to explore the deep reasons for the development of chess in the Ming Dynasty. The first chapter introduces the origin and development of chess, the origin part of the Indian origin theory and the origin of local chess legend two parts, finally, chess is born and raised in China. It is the product of the constant innovation of the ancient Chinese people to the chess play; The development part introduces the development course of chess from the time sequence, the chess is originally six Bo, produced in the Shang Dynasty, through the development of the Spring and Autumn Qin and Han Dynasty, it evolved into several forms of big Bo and small Bo and plug opera; Its embryonic form is Wei Jin to Tang Dynasty, representing the form of Northern Zhou chess and Baoying chess; Song Dynasty is the development and shaping period of chess, the Northern Song Dynasty Si Maguang improved the double chess for the seven countries of chess, Huang Fu also created a wide picture play, enriched the development of chess. To the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, modern chess finalized. Its shape has evolved to flat, and modern chess is no different. The second chapter is mainly from three different levels to analyze the development of chess in the Ming Dynasty, the development of the aristocratic chess is related to the likes and dislikes of the rulers, from the Ming Dynasty Taizu prohibition to the Ming Dynasty Chengzu Yongle rising again. The fall of chess in the late Ming Dynasty also reflected the life characteristics of the aristocratic class; Scholar-officials made outstanding contributions to chess, and made a counterattack to the status quo, but in the late Ming Dynasty, it was still inevitable to fall; The prosperity of civil chess is a prominent feature of the development of chess in Ming Dynasty. Chess is becoming more and more alive, and a large number of literati and bureaucrats who have become citizens have emerged, which has promoted the development of citizen chess. The third chapter is mainly from the theory of class stratification to analyze the reasons and characteristics of the great development of the Ming Dynasty chess citizen. In ancient China the stratum is distinct and there are great differences in the likes and dislikes of each class. However, with the development of commodity economy in Ming Dynasty, the civic culture was more and more close to other stratum culture, which subtly affected the cultural plot of the aristocratic class and the literati and officials. This integration was commendable in the background of that time, but one of the basic points that could not be ruled out was that the development of chess activities was closely influenced by the social environment at that time. The conclusion part summarizes the characteristics of the development of the Ming Dynasty chess, and analyzes the influence of the Ming Dynasty chess on the development of the Qing Dynasty chess, and the criticism of the modern chess city and the problems that should be adhered to.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K248;G891.2

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