宋代火葬风俗研究

发布时间：2018-01-16 13:37

本文关键词：宋代火葬风俗研究　出处：《广西师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：火的使用,是人类文明的一大进步,它的历史可以追溯到远古时代。火葬则是人类对火的使用方式多样化的又一表现,是人类文明的又一小步。中国古代的火葬总体来看主要分为三个阶段：第一段是远古至东汉后期。这一阶段,中国的火葬主要在中国的部分少数民族中流行。第二个阶段是东汉后期到唐代末期。这-阶段,中国少数民族的火葬风俗继续发展,异域的火葬风俗伴随着佛教进入中国,火葬风俗开始在汉族佛教徒中出现。第三阶段是五代宋元明清时期。这一时期,火葬开始在汉族百姓中产生并盛行。两宋时期火葬开始在宋的疆域内广泛流行起来,成为一种新的丧葬习俗。宋代的火葬风俗是五代火葬风俗的延续,但它并不是一开始就在全国流行的。从众多史料来看,北宋初期时火葬风俗最盛行的地区是河东路。之后慢慢演化传播,到北宋末除河东路外,北方也出现了很多火葬流行的地区。到南宋时,火葬风俗迅速蔓延到两浙、福建、成都等广大南方地区,火葬的规模空前发展。火葬人群上至宗室、士大夫阶层及军人,下至道士、商人、游学士子、普通民众。各地出现了焚烧尸体的专门场所,以及适用于新丧葬模式的葬具。总结来讲,宋代的火葬是由少数民族火葬风俗的入侵蔓延发展而来,是由点到面,由北方向南方发展的这样一个过程。宋政府最开始制定了严格措施严厉禁止火葬,但随着时代的发展,迫于社会现实的压力,到南宋时宋政府对火葬的态度有所改变,改堵为疏。宋代火葬流行的主要原因有：1、战争对旧的丧葬风俗的破坏以及少数民族风俗的影响,这里主要讨论战争对汉族原有土葬制度的破坏和少数民族的火葬风俗对宋人丧葬风俗的入侵；2、南宋的城市化造成火葬风俗在南方广大地区的蔓延,这里主要讨论城市化的发展对火葬风俗在南方广大地区扩散的重要作用；3佛教对世间风俗的影响,这里主要从经济层面讨论佛教对世间风俗的影响；4、土地开发与人口增长的双重压力,这里主要着眼于城市,分析城市周边土地的过度开发以及人口的急剧增加给传统土葬带来压力,从而加剧了火葬的流行；5、流动人口的增多增加了土葬的难度；6、风俗本身的稳定特性以及火葬风俗的优点保证了火葬风俗能够盛行不衰。面对着火葬风俗的蓬勃发展,宋代社会不同阶层对其有着不同的态度。最高统治者的态度是由北宋时的完全禁止逐渐发展到南宋时的“禁”与“疏”的结合。士大夫阶层对火葬的态度是坚决反对者有之,完全支持者有之,持中立态度者亦有之。火葬风俗在宋代的流行,对当时及后世的社会产生比较深远的影响：1、宋代火葬风俗开创了后世汉民族普通民众火葬风俗的先河；2、部分的促进了宋代漏泽园制度的发展；3、火葬风俗引起人们对传统道德伦理的反思。
[Abstract]:The use of fire is a great progress of human civilization and its history can be traced back to ancient times. Cremation is another manifestation of the diversity of human use of fire and another small step of human civilization. The cremation in ancient China is divided into three stages: the first period is from ancient times to the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Cremation in China is mainly popular among some ethnic minorities in China. The second stage is from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of the Tang Dynasty. Foreign cremation customs came into China with Buddhism, and cremation customs began to appear among Han Buddhists. The third stage was the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties of the five dynasties, during which cremation began to emerge and prevail among the Han people. Cremation began to be popular in the territory of the Song Dynasty and became a new funeral custom. The cremation custom of the Song Dynasty is the continuation of the cremation customs of the five dynasties. But it was not popular at the beginning of the whole country. Judging from many historical data, the most popular area of cremation customs in the early Northern Song Dynasty was Hedong Road. Then it evolved and spread slowly, except for Hedong Road at the end of Northern Song Dynasty. To the Southern Song Dynasty, cremation customs quickly spread to the vast southern areas, such as Zhejiang, Fujian, Chengdu and so on. Cremation scale unprecedented development. Cremation crowd to the clan. Literati officials and soldiers, down to Taoists, businessmen, scholars, ordinary people. In various places, there are special places for burning corpses, as well as burials suitable for the new funeral mode. The cremation of Song Dynasty developed from the invasion and spread of ethnic cremation customs, from point to face, from north to south. The Song government initially formulated strict measures against cremation, but with the development of the times and under the pressure of social reality, the Song government changed its attitude towards cremation in the Southern Song Dynasty and changed it into a sparse one. The main reason of cremation popularity in Song Dynasty is the influence of war on the old funeral customs and the customs of ethnic minorities. Here mainly discusses the war to the Han nationality original burial system destruction and the minority nationality cremation custom to the Song people funeral custom invasion; 2, the urbanization of the Southern Song Dynasty caused cremation custom to spread in the vast areas of the South, here mainly discusses the important role of the development of urbanization in the spread of cremation customs in the vast areas of the South; (3) the influence of Buddhism on the customs of the world, the influence of Buddhism on the customs of the world is mainly discussed from the economic level; 4, the double pressure of land development and population growth, here mainly focuses on the city, analyzes the excessive development of the land around the city and the rapid increase of the population bring pressure to the traditional earth burial, which intensifies the popularity of cremation; 5. The increase of floating population increases the difficulty of burial. 6. The stability of customs and the advantages of cremation customs ensure that cremation customs can prevail. Facing the vigorous development of cremation customs. The attitude of the supreme ruler was gradually developed from the complete prohibition in the Northern Song Dynasty to the "ban" and "sparse" in the Southern Song Dynasty. The attitude of the literati towards cremation is one of the staunch opponents. The cremation custom was popular in the Song Dynasty and had a profound influence on the society at that time and in later generations. The cremation custom of Song Dynasty initiated the cremation custom of the common people of Han nationality in later generations. 2, part of the promotion of the Song Dynasty, the development of the system; 3, cremation custom causes people to reflect on traditional moral ethics.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K244

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