先秦至汉唐时期西极观研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 02:24

本文选题：西极观　切入点：地理标志　出处：《首都师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文提出西极观这一概念,并运用全球史的研究方法和理论,对自先秦至汉唐时期西极观进行具体研究,共分为四章。第一章,先秦西极观的形成。古代中国人的西极观念萌芽于先秦时期,这主要表现在《山海经》所蕴含的某些内容中。此外,《尚书·尧典》、《穆天子传》、战国诸子等也有类似论述,进一步强化了《山海经》中蕴含的西极观念,包含地理观、族类文化观、珍异观三个方面内容的先秦西极观念由此形成。而先秦西极观的形成,也是在东部地区在与西部地区之间的互动中得以实现的,与早期中西之间的交流有着密切的关系。先秦时期的西极观为汉唐时期的中国人所继承,并在汉唐时期中西比较密切的互动中得到进一步发展。这主要表现在汉唐时期的西极地理观、风俗制度观、珍异观三个方面,本文第二、三、四章即对此分别予以阐释。第二章,汉唐时期的西极地理观,可以分为两个阶段,一是两汉魏晋南北朝时期,以张骞出使西域为标志,中国与西方开始了比前代更多的互动往来,中国人眼中的西极也不断西扩,经历了自条支到大秦的转变,西海、流沙、西王母等地理标志也随之西移。二是隋唐时期,随着东、西罗马的兴亡以及中西方更加密切的交流互动,拂凔又取代大秦成为时人眼中的西极所在,但此时中国人对西极地理的认知更为准确,前代的西极地理标志中,与实证地理相符的西海最为突出。总之,这一种西极地理观,其实是汉唐时人的“推己及人”,是在视西极与己相同的基础上形成的,是一种平等以待,不乏赞美的观念。第三章,汉唐时期的西极风俗制度观,主要包括汉唐时代中国人对西极,即条支、大秦、拂凔族类、风俗、制度方面的认识和观念。其中对各项制度的认知,以君主制度尤为突出。简单的说,汉唐人对西极风俗制度方面的认知,有其现实基础,也有理想化的地方。而这种理想化,一方面是继承了先秦的西极族类文化观,另一方面也是儒家“大同理想”的附会。不过,这一种继承和附会并不是完全的空想,也是有其事实基础的。可以说,汉唐人已经认识到大秦、拂凔的文化水平可以与自己相媲美,甚至在某些方面更高于自己,这就决定性的说明当时中国人在持有华夷观的同时,还具有一种视西极如华夏乃至理想国的观念,即西极观。第四章,汉唐时期的西极珍异观,主要指先后成为西极的条支、大秦、拂凔在汉唐人眼中也先后成为珍异汇聚之地。其中,多数珍异在这三个地区和国家也确有出产,但也有不少来自其他国家、地区,甚至中国本地的珍奇异宝也被一起归入西极。这既与汉唐时期中西之间比较多的贸易往来有直接关系,也是先秦珍异观的影响。此外,魏晋隋唐之时,“西方宝主说”流行于中国,与中国人的西极珍异观相辅相成,也表明古代中国人对当时世界文明的多样性已有了比较清楚的认识,中国古代的西极观进一步丰富完善。对于先秦至汉唐时期西极观的研究表明,在与外域的交流互动中,中国人的天下观中,除传统的华夷观外,还具有以天下西极之地为另一文明中心的观念。
[Abstract]:This paper puts forward the concept of Western polarity, and uses the research methods and theories of global history to make a specific study of the Western polar view from the pre Qin period to the Han and Tang Dynasties, which is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter, the formation of the first Qin West pole view. Ancient Chinese the West pole concept originated in the pre Qin period, which mainly contains some of the content in < > The Classic of the Great Wilderness. In addition, < Shangshu Yaodian > >, < Mu Tianzi, "in the Warring States period also have similar discussion, further strengthen the" The Classic of the Great Wilderness > contained in the West pole concept, including geographical concept, race culture, literary view of three aspects of the pre Qin West pole concept is formed. The formation of the concept of pre Qin and West pole, is realized in the interaction between in and western regions in the eastern region, has a close relationship with the early stage between Chinese and western the exchange.
In the pre Qin period west pole view as the Han and Tang Dynasties Chinese inheritance, and interaction in the Han and Tang Dynasties western close in further development. This is mainly manifested in the Han and Tang Dynasties west view of geography, customs system view, a rare view of three aspects, the second, third chapter, four were explained.
The second chapter, from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty West pole geographical view, can be divided into two stages, one is the Han Dynasty and the northern and Southern Dynasties, with Zhang Qian to the western regions as a symbol, and the western China began more than the interaction between the previous generation, Chinese eyes of the West pole is continuously extended to the west, experienced from the branch to the Datong Qinhuangdao change, sea, sand, and other geographical indications with the queen mother of the West West. The two is the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with the rise and fall of the East, West Rome and the West closer interaction, and replace a whisk Cang Qin people in the eyes of the West pole, but at the Chinese of West pole geography more exactly, the previous generation of geographical indications in the west, the west line and empirical geography is most prominent. In short, this is a very western geographical concept, is the Han people of "reciprocity", is based in West pole and has seen on the same, is a kind of equality for lack of praise Ideas.
The third chapter, from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty West pole customs system view, including Chinese Han and Tang Dynasties on the west, namely, Qin, Fu Cang people, customs, cognition and concept system. The cognition of the system, the monarchy is particularly prominent. Simply speaking, the Han people of the West customs the cognitive system, has its realistic foundation, but also the ideal place. And this kind of ideal, on one hand inherited the pre Qin West pole race culture, on the other hand is "attached to the Confucian ideal". However, this kind of inheritance and is not completely attached to fantasy, but also has its based on facts. It can be said that the Han people have been aware of the cultural level of Qin, Fu Cang can be comparable with yourself, even in some ways more than yourself, it is crucial that was held in Chinese Huayi concept at the same time, also has a West pole such as China The idea of Xia Nai to the ideal country, that is, the Western polar view.
The fourth chapter, from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty west very rare, mainly refers to the West has become the supporting pole, Qin, Fu Cang in Han people eyes has become a rare gathering. Among them, the most rare in the three countries and regions have produced, but there are also many from other countries and regions, and even China local rare treasure is also included in the West pole together. There is a direct relationship between the both and between the Han and Tang Dynasties more western trade, influence is rare. In view of the pre Qin, Wei Jin Sui Tang, "said Western treasure" is popular in the West and Chinese, Chinese extremely rare view complement each other, also shows that in ancient times Chinese on the diversity of civilization in the world at that time has been very clear, China ancient West pole concept further enrich and perfect.
From the pre Qin to the Han and Tang Dynasties, the Western polar view shows that in the interaction and interaction with the outside world, the Chinese people's view of the world, besides the traditional Huayi concept, also has the concept of "the West pole of the world" as another center of civilization.

【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K22;K24

【参考文献】