金代武将群体研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 03:29

本文选题：金代 + 武将群体　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：金代以武立国，武将作为金王朝政治的重要支柱和立国安邦的重要力量，承担着统管军队、维护国家秩序和国防安全等重要职责，在金朝的建立、发展及对外交往过程中，发挥着不可替代的作用。金代武将群体形成、发展与演变的过程，在不同时期体现出不同的特点。恰当地评价武将群体在金代政治、经济、军事中的作用；制定选拔、约束武将的政策措施；探讨武将整体实力的盛衰与金代国运的关系等，不仅有利于加深对历史上武将群体的了解，有利于全面地认识金代社会，而且有助于从全新的视角看待金朝的兴亡，梳理出金朝政治史的一条新线索。本论文除绪论和结语外共分六章予以阐述：绪论：介绍本论文选题意义及武将概念的界定，梳理学术界的研究现状，总结目前已研究成果存在的不足，并阐述本论文的研究思路与方法以及创新点和难点。第一章：金代武将群体的形成、发展与演变的历程。本章论述了金代武将群体由单一的女真族，逐渐演化为契丹、渤海、汉族等多民族的集合体。并通过史料的搜集和考证，整理出叛辽降金、叛宋降金武将近150名。在这个集合体中，女真武将一直是金代武将群体的主体，金代中期以后，武将群体在构成上出现了显著的变化，在重要的军事机构中，虽仍以女真武将为主，但已经出现契丹族、汉族、渤海族武将担任元帅左、右监军以及元帅左、右都监及枢密副使之职的现象，甚至到金后期都元帅及左、右副元帅等军事机构中较高级别的军事长官，也出现了由非女真族将领担任的现象。本文认为这种现象的出现，与金代武将群体金初的能征善战、勇立军功、以军功选拔为主到中期武举选拔、女真武将渐趋汉化及金代后期的武将群体渐趋弱化的特点是相辅相成的。第二章：金代军事建制与武将的官阶和职能。本文对金代的军事建制进行了探讨，，认为在金代的军事建制中，无论是中央直属军还是地方治安军，金代对其统领的武将，主要通过官阶确定其主要的职责。金代在不同时期，武将的官阶都有变化。同时，在金朝军事管理机构逐步完善的基础上，形成了武将官阶和爵位制度。而其官阶与爵位又与其军功密不可分，不同官阶和爵位享受不同的俸禄和待遇，从而极大地调动了武将的积极性，使其在建立和捍卫金政权方面发挥了重要作用。通过分析武将的官阶和职能，得出武将对外统兵作战，有利于维护国家的稳定；对内镇压征讨各种反叛势力，维护了金朝的统治秩序；宿卫京师稳定了金朝的统治中心，保障了皇权的安全与稳定；戍边防守既巩固了金的边防又有效地防止外敌入侵；而外交职能，特别是武将作为使节出使，在军事外交中，也显示了金朝的震慑力。第三章：金代武将的选任与管理。本章对金代武将的选任途径及管理措施进行了分析和探讨。认为金代武将把军功作为入仕主要途径的原因有以下几点：其一，由于女真习俗是“贵壮贱老”，“壮者皆兵”，勇立军功已成为常态。其二，频繁的战争，客观上给武将凭借军功入仕提供了条件和机会。其三，军功入仕的武将不需寒窗苦读，较容易升迁，是金代武将比较容易选择的途径。其四，统治阶级尚武，使武将因军功入仕成为最佳首选。同时对金代武将的武举入仕、荫补入仕及换授入仕进行了分析，认为多数荫补的武官与军功入仕的武官相比，缺少必要的实战经验，通过贵族官僚的身份坐享这种荫补特权，其实质是为了保证和维系上层官僚集团在国家政治生活中的世袭特权。本章还探讨了金代对武将的管理，认为无论是机构的设立还是具体的考核、奖惩、致仕等方面的制度，都体现了金朝行政管理的系统性和有序性。金代对武将在制度上考核、惩黜等方面的管理，对武将过渡嚣张的行为，起到了一定约束和规范的作用，从而使金朝武将的管理走向制度化和规范化，为后世的官吏管理提供一定的借鉴。第四章：金代武将的军事战略战术。本章主要探讨了金代女真武将在对辽、宋作战的过程中所采取的以辽、宋将帅为主要目标，引导和控制其心理活动，使其判断失误，决策失措的军事谋略心理战；以及通过示形造势，使辽、宋将帅产生恐惧、疑虑和动摇而放弃与金作战的军事威慑心理战的运用，使金多次出奇制胜,打败强大的对手,出色完成了军事战略任务的军事心理战术，而金朝南下攻宋获胜，也得益于武将精湛的骑兵战术。同时，金代武将吸收了中原先进的战略战术，并加以创造，形成了独具女真特色的攻城战略战术，并多次打败了擅长防御战术的宋王朝，成为中国军事战略战术史上的奇观。第五章：金代女真武将的经济来源与社会生活。本章论述了武将作为一个比较特殊的群体，在金代社会经济文化生活中的地位，并分析了武将的经济来源，除了正常的俸禄、赏赐、及土地经营外，还包括对外征伐中的掠夺。尤其是非正规经济的来源，刺激了武将对外征伐的欲望，使其在较短的时间内亡辽灭宋。武将除征伐、镇戍等军事活动外，也有丰富的社会文化生活，他们作为金代社会重要的组成部分，无论是饮食、服饰、住居还是文化娱乐等活动，在具备女真族特征外，又有自己的武将特色，并得出武将受中原文化的影响和熏陶，使其在豪放中亦不失细腻，细腻中又独具豪放的特色。金代武将对中原文化的仰慕，特别是追求奢侈腐化的生活，使女真族的尚武精神逐渐丧失，世宗虽为此进行过“女真化”运动，但却没有唤回渐趋淡化的民族意识，勇武强悍的武将精神，逐渐被文弱儒雅的气质所代替，金代武将群体逐渐走向衰弱，金朝的昔日雄风已不复存在。第六章：金代武将与金朝国运的兴衰。本章论述了在冷兵器时代，武将的整体实力与政权强大的关系。认为金初，在大批有谋略、有胆识、能征善战武将的辅佐下，政权得以建立并迅速发展，其国运也随之兴盛。金朝中期，较为和谐的内外政策及对中原文化的吸收，使武将渐趋汉化。同时贪图安逸享受的奢靡之风的盛行，使金代武将尚武精神趋于衰退。金朝末年，由于武将整体实力的下降，以武立国的金王朝，最终“亦以兵终”，其国运也走向了衰亡。从而得出，金代国运的兴盛取决于军事实力是否强大，而军事实力的强大又与武将的强弱密切相关。因此，金代武将从逐渐强大到渐趋衰亡，恰恰是金代国运由盛转衰的过程。从某种程度上说，金代武将的颓变，亦是金代国运衰亡的动因之一。结语：在前面几章对武将群体具体考察研究的基础上，阐述金代武将群体的基本面貌，金代武将群体的演进态势，金朝武将群体与国运兴衰关系等三个方面加以归纳，并阐述金代武将不同时期在构成、特点、选任及管理制度等方面的不同特色以及金代武将的兴衰与金朝国运兴亡密切相关。
[Abstract]:The Jin Dynasty, with Wu Liguo, as an important pillar of the political politics of the Jin Dynasty and an important force for the nation's state, took on the important responsibilities of managing the army, maintaining national order and national defense security, and played an irreplaceable role in the process of the establishment, development and foreign communication of the Jin Dynasty. There are different characteristics in different periods. It is good to evaluate the role of the martial arts groups in the political, economic and military affairs of the Jin Dynasty, to formulate the policy measures for selecting and constrain the martial arts, and to discuss the relationship between the prosperity and decline of the overall strength of the martial arts and the national transportation of the Jin Dynasty, which is not only conducive to deepening the understanding of the history of the martial arts group, but also conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the Jin Dynasty. Society, and helps to look at the rise and fall of the Jin Dynasty from a new perspective, to comb out a new clue to the political history of the Jin Dynasty. This paper, in addition to the introduction and conclusion, is divided into six chapters.
Introduction: introduces the significance of this paper and the definition of the concept of martial arts, combs the research status of the academic circle, summarizes the shortcomings of the present research results, and expounds the research ideas and methods of this paper, and the innovation and difficulties.
Chapter 1: the formation, development and evolution of the martial arts group in the Jin Dynasty. This chapter expounds that the military general group of the Jin Dynasty evolved from a single woman Zhen nationality to Khitan, Bohai, Han and other ethnic groups. Through the collection of historical materials and textual research, it collects the rebel Liaojin and the rebel song of nearly 150. It has always been the main body of the military general in the Jin Dynasty. After the middle of the Jin Dynasty, there have been significant changes in the composition of the martial arts group. In the important military institutions, although it is still dominated by the martial arts, the Khitan, Han, and Bohai martial arts will be the marshal left, the right supervisor and the marshal left, the right, and the Privy deputy. In the Late Jin Dynasty, the senior military officers of the military institutions, such as the marshal and the left and the right Vice Marshal, also appeared to be held by the generals of the non women's ethnic groups. In the later period, the characteristics of the martial arts groups weakened gradually were complementary to each other.
The second chapter is the official rank and function of military construction and martial arts in the Jin Dynasty. This article discusses the military establishment of the Jin Dynasty, and thinks that, in the military system of the Jin Dynasty, whether it is the central army or the local public security army, the military commanders of the Jin Dynasty, mainly through the official rank, determine their main duties. At the same time, on the basis of the gradual improvement of the military administrative organs of the Jin Dynasty, the martial arts official rank and the title system were formed, and their rank and title were inseparable from their military merit, and the different official orders and titles enjoyed different salaries and benefits, which greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the martial arts and made it play a heavy role in the establishment and defense of the gold regime. Through the analysis of the ranks and functions of the martial arts, it was concluded that the military will be able to combat the army and maintain the stability of the state; the internal repression of various rebel forces and the maintenance of the ruling order of the Jin Dynasty; the Jingwei master stabilized the ruling center of the Jin Dynasty and ensured the security and stability of the imperial power; the defence of the garrison strengthened the border defense of gold. Effectively preventing foreign invasion, and diplomatic functions, especially the generals as ambassadors, also show the deterrence of the Jin Dynasty in military diplomacy.
The third chapter is the selection and management of the martial arts in the Jin Dynasty. This chapter analyses and discusses the ways and management measures of the military general in the Jin Dynasty. The frequent wars provide the conditions and opportunities for the martial arts to enter the official position by virtue of military merit. Thirdly, the military generals of the army do not need the bitter reading of the cold windows, and they are easier to be promoted. In comparison with the military officials who have entered the official Army, the majority of the shady mending military officers lack the necessary practical experience and enjoy the privileges of the aristocratic bureaucracy. The essence is to guarantee and maintain the hereditary privileges of the upper bureaucratic groups in the political life of the state. The system of management, whether it is the establishment of the institution or the concrete examination, the system of rewards and punishments, and the government, all embodies the systematicness and orderliness of the administration of the Jin Dynasty. The management will be institutionalized and standardized so as to provide some references for the management of future officials.
The fourth chapter is the military strategy and tactics of the martial arts in the Jin Dynasty. This chapter mainly discusses the military strategy of the Liao and song generals in the process of Liao and song's fighting in the process of Liao and song. Fear, doubt and wavering, give up the use of military deterrent psychological warfare with gold, make gold many times to win, defeat powerful opponents, finish the military strategy of military strategic task, and win the song victory in the South and south of the Jin Dynasty, and also benefit from the superb cavalry tactics of the martial arts. At the same time, Jin Dynasty absorbs the advanced strategy and tactics of the Central Plains. In addition, it was created and formed a strategy and tactics of attacking the city with unique female characteristics and defeated the Song Dynasty, which was good at defending the tactics, and became a spectacle in the history of Chinese military strategy and tactics.
The fifth chapter: the economic source and social life of the martial arts in the Jin Dynasty. This chapter expounds the position of the martial arts in the social, economic and cultural life of the Jin Dynasty as a relatively special group, and analyses the economic source of the martial arts. Besides the normal salary, reward and land management, it also includes the plunder of foreign expeditions, especially the informal classics. The source of the economy has stimulated the desire of the martial arts to exclaim and extinguishes the song in a relatively short time. It also has rich social and cultural life in addition to military activities such as expeditions, garrison and other military activities. They are an important part of the society of the Jin Dynasty, whether they are food, clothing, residence or culture and entertainment, and have the characteristics of the women's family. It has its own martial arts characteristics, and concludes that the martial arts will be influenced and nurtured by the Central Plains culture, so that it does not lose its delicate, delicate and unconstrained features. The admiration for the culture of the Central Plains, especially the pursuit of extravagant and corrupted life in the Jin Dynasty, has gradually lost the martial spirit of the Zhen Zhen nationality. But it did not arouse the gradually desalination of the national consciousness, the brave and strong martial spirit, gradually replaced by the literary and weak and elegant temperament, the golden Dynasty warrior group gradually weakened, the former ambition of the Jin Dynasty has ceased to exist.
The sixth chapter: the prosperity and decline of the military general of the Jin Dynasty and the national transportation of the Jin Dynasty. This chapter expounds the relationship between the overall strength and the power of the regime in the age of cold weapons. It is believed that in the early Jin Dynasty, the political power was established and developed rapidly, with the help of a large number of strategies, courage, and good war warriors. The policy and the absorption of the culture of the Central Plains made the martial arts gradually Sinicization. At the same time, the popularity of the luxurious style of comfort and enjoyment made the martial spirit of the emperor in the Jin Dynasty decline. In the last year of the Jin Dynasty, because of the decline in the overall strength of the martial arts, the gold Dynasty in the state of Wu was finally "the end of the army", and its national transport was also declining. Thus, the prosperity of the national transportation of the Jin Dynasty was concluded. It depends on whether the military strength is strong, and the strength of the military strength is closely related to the strength and weakness of the martial arts. Therefore, the military generals of the Jin Dynasty are from strong to gradual decline, precisely the process of the decline and decline of the national transport of the Jin Dynasty. To a certain extent, the decline of the military general in Jin Dynasty is also one of the reasons for the decline and fall of the national transportation of the Jin Dynasty.
In the last few chapters, on the basis of the specific investigation of the military general group in the first few chapters, it expounds the basic features of the military general group in the Jin Dynasty, the evolution trend of the military general group in the Jin Dynasty, the three aspects of the relationship between the military general group and the prosperity and decline of the national transportation, and expounds the composition, characteristics, selection and management system of the different periods of the Jin Dynasty. The same characteristics and the rise and fall of the generals of the Jin Dynasty are closely related to the rise and fall of the Golden State of the Jin Dynasty.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：E291;K246.4

【参考文献】