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秦汉时期的隐逸现象及相关问题研究

发布时间:2018-05-31 13:26

  本文选题:秦汉时期 + 隐逸现象 ; 参考:《西北大学》2012年博士论文


【摘要】:有机会或有条件出仕的士人长期或暂时性远离社会主流、主动规避政治活动的隐逸行为,由来已久。秦汉时期的隐逸在先秦隐逸的基础上发展而来,同时由于统一专制王朝的建立、秦汉各阶段具体情况的不同,这一时期又出现一些新情况。其中秦代、西汉早期黄老人士的归隐,两汉之际的不事二主与择主而仕,以及东汉崇隐风尚下的隐居、因经学而隐、因孝而隐、因“道术”而隐等,是较为突出的现象。与前朝后代相比,秦汉时期的隐逸具有类型多样、各阶段特色鲜明、隐士们“隐”的成分多而“逸”的色彩少、归隐动机相对单纯等特点。 在秦汉隐士群体中,商山四皓、严光、王符、诸葛亮等具有一定代表性。四皓两次隐居的原因不同,他们出山平息了太子之争,有利于汉初社会、政局的稳定。严光不愿束缚于专制社会,盛世中归隐,代表了古代一类士人的价值取向,因此具有独特意义。王符积极事功,但目睹社会的黑暗,宁可不仕也不同流合污;他隐居乡下,著书献策,具有强烈的入世情怀。诸葛亮早年隐居十年,不仅是因为“择主”,更是隐士清高心态使然;隐居生涯对诸葛亮的知识积累、个性完善产生了较大影响。对上述不同时期不同类型的隐士或相关人物进行个案分析,有利于我们全面、深入了解秦汉隐逸风貌。 基本的生活保障是隐士坚守个体自由、独立人格的前提。秦汉隐士的生活经济来源以自耕自食、隐居教授为主,这跟他们自身素质有关,也与秦汉经济、文化发展紧密相连。与先秦相比,秦汉隐士更具人间气息,跟社会保持着若即若离的联系;他们的衣食简陋贫乏,但有着丰富的精神、休闲生活,包括传经授道、交游、渔钓等。 秦汉客观存在的众多隐士,引起了政府的高度关注。秦、两汉政府均征召过隐士。秦朝招隐士主要集中在前期,虽然效果不好,但不能因此否定其隐士政策。两汉对隐士的重视达到了空前高度,招隐士活动十分频繁。汉代招隐士具有经常性、稳定性、宽容性和高度重视的特点。汉代隐士政策的实施收到了良好效果,在吸纳人才、赢取民心、稳定社会方面发挥了重要作用;同时也存在形式主义的弊端。由于社会普遍尊隐,导致了崇隐风气的出现;崇隐是尊隐的必然结果,也是古代士人走向自觉的先声。 隐士对社会产生了一定影响。首先,他们放弃或暂时放弃仕途追求,集中时间、精力于文化活动,对秦汉学术的发展、文化典籍的传承和保护有独特贡献。其次,隐士们或主动施教,或以身作则潜移默化,纯化了周围的民风民俗,对秦汉社会尤其是基层的教化起了推动作用。因此对于秦汉隐士的评价应该采取客观、全面的态度。隐士们有懦弱、逃避、消极的一面,但他们在“立德”、“立言”方面有自己的贡献,他们不畏权贵,不以仕进、利禄为荣,是对古代官本位思想的一种反拨、消解与超越。
[Abstract]:The scholars who have the opportunity or the condition to serve their official have been away from the mainstream of society for a long time or temporarily, and have taken the initiative to evade the seclusion of political activities for a long time. The reclusion of the Qin and Han dynasties developed on the basis of the reclusion of the pre-Qin Dynasty. At the same time, due to the establishment of the unified autocratic dynasty and the different concrete conditions in each stage of the Qin and Han dynasties, some new situations appeared in this period. Among them, Qin Dynasty, the early Western Han Dynasty, Huang-Lao people's seclusion, and the Eastern Han Dynasty's seclusion, due to the study of classics, filial piety, "Taoism" and so on, are more prominent phenomena. Compared with the descendants of the previous dynasties, the recluse of Qin and Han dynasties was characterized by various types, distinct characteristics of each stage, more "hidden" elements and less "escape" of recluses, and relatively simple motives for recluse. In the hermit community of Qin and Han dynasties, Shang Shan Sihao, Yan Guang, Wang Fu, Zhuge Liang and so on have certain representativeness. The reasons for Sihao's seclusion were different. They went out to settle the dispute between the princes, which was conducive to the stability of the society and political situation in the early Han Dynasty. Yan Guang did not want to be bound to autocratic society and retired in prosperous times, which represents the value orientation of ancient scholars, so it is of special significance. Wang Fu works positively, but when he sees the darkness of the society, he prefers not to serve as an official but not to be congenial; he lives in seclusion in the countryside, writes books and offers advice, and has strong feelings for joining the WTO. Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion for ten years in his early years, not only because of "choosing the master", but also because of the recluse's high attitude, and his reclusive career had a great influence on the accumulation of knowledge and the perfection of his personality. A case study of different types of hermits or related figures in different periods is helpful for us to fully understand the recluse of Qin and Han dynasties. The basic guarantee of life is the premise that hermit adheres to individual freedom and independent personality. The economic sources of life of hermits in the Qin and Han dynasties were mainly self-cultivation and self-feeding and seclusion professors, which were related to their own qualities, and also closely related to the economic and cultural development of the Qin and Han dynasties. Compared with the pre-Qin Dynasty, the hermits of the Qin and Han dynasties had a more human atmosphere and maintained a distant relationship with the society; their food and clothing were simple and poor, but they had a rich spirit, and leisure life, including teaching, friendship, fishing and so on. The objective existence of many hermits in the Qin and Han dynasties caused great concern by the government. Qin and Han governments all recruited hermits. Qin Dynasty recruited hermit mainly concentrated in the early period, although the effect is not good, but can not deny its hermit policy. The Han Dynasty attached great importance to hermits and the activities of recruiting hermits were very frequent. The Han Dynasty recruit hermit has the regular, the stability, the tolerance and the high value characteristic. The implementation of the recluse policy in the Han Dynasty has received good results, which has played an important role in attracting talents, winning the hearts of the people and stabilizing the society. At the same time, there is also the malpractice of formalism. As a result of the universal respect for the hidden, which led to the appearance of the atmosphere of worship, it is the inevitable result of respecting the hidden, and it is also the forerunner of the ancient scholars towards self-consciousness. Hermits have had an impact on society. Firstly, they give up their pursuit of official career, concentrate their time and energy on cultural activities, and make a unique contribution to the academic development of the Qin and Han dynasties and the inheritance and protection of cultural classics. Secondly, hermits took the initiative to teach, or imperceptibly by example, purified the folk customs around, and played a role in promoting the civilization of Qin and Han society, especially the grassroots. Therefore, the evaluation of hermits in Qin and Han dynasties should be objective and comprehensive. Hermits have weak, evasive and negative side, but they have their own contribution in "moral", "stand words", they do not fear the powerful, do not take the official advance, Lilu for pride, is to the ancient official standard thought a kind of backwash, dispels and surmounts.
【学位授予单位】:西北大学
【学位级别】:博士
【学位授予年份】:2012
【分类号】:K232

【引证文献】

相关期刊论文 前1条

1 蒋波;;隐士对汉代社会的教化作用及当代价值[J];武陵学刊;2013年06期

相关博士学位论文 前1条

1 冯渝杰;祈望“太平”:理想国家追求与汉末社会运动[D];山东大学;2014年

相关硕士学位论文 前1条

1 侯晓冉;秦汉隐逸文化研究[D];山东师范大学;2014年



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