宋代职田调用研究

发布时间：2018-06-16 12:52

本文选题：两宋 + 职田　；参考：《安徽师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：职田是中国古代由国家给予官员的一种岗位补贴,是按官职品级授与官吏作为俸禄的土地,也被称为圭田、刍田、菜田、禄田、职分田、职公田等。最早可追溯到周,西晋时正式形成制度,之后历代沿用。宋朝初年,由于民生凋敝、国库空虚等原因,并未沿用前代的职田制度。到了真宗时期,由于百官俸禄较低,生活困顿,一些官员不得不从事经商活动,与民争利,甚至贪赃枉法,此类型的经济案件频频发生。真宗为了达到养廉的目的,建立职田制度,宋代职田制度由此确立。但与前代不同的是,宋代职田设立之初就是只给地方官员职田,不给中央官员。职田虽是为养廉而设的,是作为官员的俸禄之一发给官员的。但是在灾荒、兵祸发生之时,用度不足,官府把原本应为官员所享有的职田地租甚至是职田土地调为他用,即本文所研究的职田调用。论文主要分为四大部分,第一部分主要是对宋代职田制度及其发展脉络进行梳理,探究职田建立的背景,并对宋代职田的发展变化进行介绍,探究从真宗开始设立职田到南宋灭亡宋代职田制度的发展沿革;第二部分主要是对宋代职田的调用进行综合分析,了解宋代各地的职田分布以及数量,对宋代职田调用的情况进行综合扫描,并对调用频率和调用结果作出分析,探讨调用的原因;第三部分是对职田调用的影响分正反两个方面展开分析,职田调用在一定程度上缓解了国家财政窘迫的状况,在军需筹集、灾伤赈济方面发挥了一定的作用,但是职田调用并非治本之策,借来的职田租终究要还,只是把财政压力推迟、寅吃卯粮而已。同时,职田调用还损害了一些官员的利益,招致了其不满情绪,影响了养廉的功效。本文建立在史料的整理与分析的基础上,对职田地租获得者官员与封建国家之间的关系进行分析。意在说明一方面,政府要协调官员与百姓之间的关系,为了防止官员侵渔百姓,政府不得不给官员职田以“养廉”;另一方面,政府在面临国用不足、军需及自然灾害等情况,财政面临危机时,频频插手官员职田,不仅调用官员职田租米,更有调用职田给弓箭手等情况,与其厚禄养廉的初衷截然相反。拟将从宋代职田调用的角度来探索职田调用的体系及调用下的深层原因,从而对宋代职田研究及政治史的研究起到补充作用。
[Abstract]:The field is a kind of post subsidy given by the state to officials in ancient China. It is the land used by officials to give officials as a salary according to official grades. It is also known as Keita, Tuo Tian, vegetable field, Lu Tian, job field, duty field and so on. The first date can be traced back to Zhou, and the system was formally formed in the Western Jin Dynasty, after which the Ancient Song Dynasty, due to the destitution of the people, the empty Treasury empty and so on, was used in the early years of the Song Dynasty. In the period of true Zong, because of the low salary and poor life, some officials had to engage in business activities, struggle with the people, and even corrupt the law. This type of economic cases occurred frequently. At the beginning of the establishment of the Song Dynasty, the official field was only given to the local officials, not to the central officials. Although the field was established for the health of the officials, it was sent to officials as one of the officials' salaries. However, when the famine, the disaster occurred, the use was insufficient, and the government had transferred the land rent, or even the land land, which should have been enjoyed by officials. The thesis is divided into four main parts. The first part is mainly to comb the system of the Song Dynasty and its development, explore the background of the establishment of the vocational field, introduce the development and changes of the Song Dynasty, and explore the development and evolution of the system of the destruction of the Song Dynasty from the beginning of the founding of the real Zong to the Southern Song Dynasty. The two part is mainly to make a comprehensive analysis of the call of the Song Dynasty, to understand the distribution and quantity of the field in the Song Dynasty, to scan the situation of the call in the Song Dynasty, and to analyze the call frequency and the call result, and to discuss the reasons for the call. The third part is the analysis of the two aspects of the impact on the call of the duty field. The call has alleviated the state's financial distress to a certain extent and played a certain role in raising the military needs and disaster relief. However, the call is not a cure, and the rents borrowed from the field should be returned after all. On the basis of the arrangement and analysis of historical materials, this paper analyzes the relationship between the officials of the land rent collector and the feudal state. The purpose is to explain that the government should coordinate the relationship between the officials and the common people, and the government has to give officials a job to prevent the officials from invading the people. On the other hand, in the face of lack of national use, military needs and natural disasters, when the government is faced with the crisis, the government is frequently involved in the official job field, not only calling the official field rent, but also calling the service field to the archer. The system of Tian calling and the deep reasons of the call, play a complementary role in the study of the field of the Song Dynasty and the study of political history.
【学位授予单位】：安徽师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K244

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