清代理藩院及其立法研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 03:19

本文选题：理藩院 + 民族管理　；参考：《华东政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 边疆管理是中国封建社会政治制度中的极为重要的一部分。清代是中国最后一个封建王朝,在继承前代边疆管理方式的同时,它又根据其本身的民族特色和当时的实际情况而有所创新和发展。作为清代中央民族管理机构中最核心、最首要的部门,理藩院在清代政治活动中发挥着极为重要的作用。从地位来看,清代理藩院的创立,结束了自秦朝以来中央没有专门管理边疆民族事务机构的格局,大大加强了对边疆少数民族尤其是蒙古地区的管理力度。中国自秦代起,就有管理边疆少数民族事务的机构。纵观清朝以前,治理边疆的机构从秦汉时期的典客到隋唐后的三省六部,其数量和职能都在不断增加和完善,但是他们在管理边疆少数民族事务时,均是以礼部、兵部、鸿胪寺等众多机构分管各类事务,并没有一个统一的中央机构总管各地区少数民族事务。除此之外,虽然礼部、兵部等负责民族事务的管理,但其还兼负其他的职能,管理民族事务并非他的唯一职能。这种情况直到清代理藩院的出现才终结,理藩院的设置,使得中央政权有了统一管理藩属事务的机构。从管理职权而言,清代理藩院之职权涉及行政、司法、军事、外交等各个方面,可谓职权广泛。在康熙朝和雍正朝,理藩院主要负责内蒙古事务。至乾隆时期,理藩院的机构和职责趋于完善,其职能也大大扩大。除了管理会盟,稽查户丁,征收税款,管理驿站外,还参与策划军事行动。此外,理藩院还在司法方面具有终审、会审和秋审权,行使着少数民族地区的司法职能;在外交方面理藩院协调中俄两国的外交关系,管理贸易往来,在中俄外交中起到重要作用。从结构来看,理藩院设有中央机构和下属机构以及诸多派出机构,中央尚书为理藩院最高长官,下属有六司各司其职,可谓分工合理,体制完善。从其立法来看,理藩院充分利用民族政策,积极构建共同的利益基础,尊重民族风俗习惯,使民族事务管理制度化和法律化。理藩院所起草的两部民族法规《理藩院则例》和《回疆则例》对少数民族地区的管理起到重大作用。理藩院在晚清的重大变革中也发生了不小变化,在清末的变法中,理藩院改名为理藩部,辛亥革命爆发后,随着清王朝覆灭,理藩部也随之消亡, 1912年被变成了蒙藏事务局。总体而言,清代理藩院对清代政治的稳定和处理民族关系有着不可或缺的作用,其促进民族事务的发展以及保持社会生活秩序建立的重大意义也不言而喻。
[Abstract]:Frontier management is an extremely important part of the political system of Chinese feudal society. The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in China. While inheriting the management mode of the border areas of the previous generation, it also innovated and developed according to its own national characteristics and the actual situation at that time. As the core and the most important department of the central national administration in the Qing Dynasty, the Lifangyuan played an extremely important role in the political activities of the Qing Dynasty. From the point of view of status, the establishment of Lifangyuan in the Qing Dynasty put an end to the pattern that the central government did not specifically manage the frontier ethnic affairs institutions since the Qin Dynasty, and greatly strengthened the management of the frontier ethnic minorities, especially the Mongolian region. Since the Qin Dynasty, China has had institutions to manage the affairs of ethnic minorities in the border areas. Before the Qing Dynasty, the number and functions of the agencies governing the border areas from the classical guests of the Qin and Han dynasties to the three provinces and six after the Sui and Tang dynasties continued to increase and improve. However, when they managed the affairs of the ethnic minorities in the border areas, they all used the Ministry of Rites and the Department of the Armed Forces. Many organizations, such as the Monastery, are in charge of all kinds of affairs, and there is no unified central authority responsible for the affairs of ethnic minorities in various regions. In addition, although the Ministry of Rites and the Department of War are in charge of the management of ethnic affairs, it also has other functions, and managing ethnic affairs is not his only function. This situation did not end until the appearance of the Lifangyuan in the Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Lifangyuan made the central government have a unified management of subordinate affairs. In terms of administrative authority, the powers and powers of the Lifangyuan in the Qing Dynasty were extensive in the fields of administration, judicature, military affairs, diplomacy and so on. In the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, the Lifangyuan was mainly responsible for Inner Mongolia affairs. To the Qianlong period, the organization and responsibility of Lifangyuan tended to perfect, and its functions expanded greatly. In addition to the council, inspectors, tax collection, management of the post, but also involved in the planning of military operations. In addition, the Lifangyuan also has the power of final appeal in the administration of justice, the power of trial and adjudication, and exercises judicial functions in minority areas. In the diplomatic aspect, it coordinates the diplomatic relations between China and Russia and manages trade exchanges. Play an important role in Sino-Russian diplomacy. From the structure point of view, there are central agencies, subordinate organizations and many local organizations. The Central Council is the chief executive of Lifangyuan, with six departments performing their respective duties, which can be described as rational division of labor and perfect system. From its legislative point of view, Lifangyuan makes full use of the national policy, actively constructs the common benefit foundation, respects the national custom and custom, and institutionalizes and legalizes the management of the national affairs. The two national laws and regulations, the rules of principles and the rules of return to Xinjiang, have played an important role in the management of minority areas. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Lifangyuan changed its name to the Lifan Department. After the Revolution of 1911, with the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the Li-fan Department died out, and in 1912 it became the Mongolian Tibetan Affairs Bureau. In general, the Qing Dynasty Lifangyuan played an indispensable role in the political stability and handling of ethnic relations in the Qing Dynasty, and its great significance in promoting the development of ethnic affairs and maintaining the order of social life was also self-evident.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】