从张廷玉之沉浮看雍乾时期汉族士大夫在清廷的地位

发布时间：2018-09-06 18:44

【摘要】：张廷玉是清代前期非常重要的政治人物,在雍、乾二朝长期居汉官之首,是有清一代汉族大臣中惟一配享太庙的人。一方面,张廷玉深得雍正帝的信赖,在雍正时期荣宠达到了极致；另一方面,张廷玉在有恩于乾隆的情况下,仅以小过,却受到了乾隆的无情打击,名誉扫地。纵观雍乾两代皇帝对待同一个汉族大臣,反差天壤之别,这其中的缘由很值得思考和研究。剖析张氏与满洲最高统治者的关系,是研究雍、乾两朝政治史的重要内容。本文依据习见的材料,通过前后对比的方式来考查造成张廷玉仕宦沉浮的根源,并从中窥视当时的满汉关系,探究汉族大臣在清廷的地位。全文正文共分两部分：第一部分：首先分析雍正为什么会置“尊崇满洲”的祖制于不顾,打击满洲贵族,优宠汉官,甚至不惜使汉人势力膨胀做大。接着考查张廷玉有何德、何能、何功,何以如此受雍正皇帝的抬爱和垂青。最后评估雍正打击满洲勋贵,优宠汉官的做法,在背离祖制的道路上走了多远。第二部分：首先考查张廷玉对乾隆初政的作用和影响。接着通过重点分析乾隆的君权思想及其民族观,鄂、张党争产生的原因、规模、对皇权的危害程度,以及在配享太庙的风波中乾隆和张廷玉君臣的双向互动情况等来揭示乾隆和张廷玉矛盾冲突的根源。本文从考查满汉关系的角度,来揭示清朝的民族政策带有很强的民族歧视色彩,清朝皇帝向来所宣扬的满汉一体,民族平等不过是一种宣传口号,仅仅是他们的统治策略而已。本文将采撷具有说服力的史实来证明,作为在清廷汉臣地位最高的张廷玉,对清朝统治者忠心耿耿,鞠躬尽瘁,却依然受到统治者的猜忌和排挤,导致其晚年的境遇如此不堪。清朝统治者由于不能做到完全信任汉人,有意处处防范汉人,严重阻滞了满汉关系的正常发展,满汉矛盾也就一直存在,若隐若现,张廷玉的悲剧根源也就在于此。
[Abstract]:Zhang Tingyu was a very important political figure in the early Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, Zhang Tingyu was deeply trusted by Emperor Yongzheng. On the other hand, Zhang Tingyu, who had grace in Qianlong, suffered a ruthless blow from Qianlong. The emperors of Yong and Qian dynasties treated the same Han ministers in a very different way, and the reasons are worth thinking and studying. It is an important content to study the political history of Yong and Qian dynasties by analyzing the relationship between Zhang and Manchuria's supreme rulers. This article according to the materials, through the way of comparison before and after to examine the causes of Zhang Tingyu official ups and downs, and from the view of Manchu and Han relations at that time, to explore the status of Han ministers in the Qing Dynasty. The text is divided into two parts: the first part: first of all, it analyzes why Yongzheng ignored the ancestral system of respecting Manchuria, attacked Manchu aristocrats, favored Han officials, and even made Han people expand. Then the examination of Zhang Tingyu what virtue, what can, he Gong, why so by the emperor Yongzheng's love and favor. Finally, to assess how far Yongzheng has gone in the way of deviating from the ancestral system by attacking Manchuria and honoring Han officials. The second part: first examines Zhang Tingyu's function and influence on Qianlong's early government. Then through the analysis of Qianlong's thought of monarchy and its national view, the causes, scale and harm to the imperial power of Hubei and Zhang Party are analyzed. And the two-way interaction between Qianlong and Zhang Tingyu in the chaos of Tai-Miao to reveal the root of the conflict between Qianlong and Zhang Tingyu. From the angle of examining the relationship between Manchu and Han, this paper reveals that the national policy of Qing Dynasty has strong national discrimination color. The Qing emperor always preached the integration of Manchu and Han, and national equality was only a propaganda slogan, just their ruling strategy. This paper will gather convincing historical facts to prove that Zhang Tingyu, as the highest official in the Qing Dynasty, was loyal to the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and devoted himself with all his heart, but still suffered suspicion and exclusion from the rulers, resulting in his situation in his later years so unbearable. Because the rulers of the Qing Dynasty could not completely trust the Han people and deliberately guarded against the Han people everywhere, the normal development of Manchu and Han relations was seriously blocked, and the Manchu and Han contradictions existed all the time, which was the root of Zhang Tingyu's tragedy.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249.2

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