国家、身体、社会：宋代身体史研究

发布时间：2018-09-07 09:53

【摘要】：人类身体除了是一种自然存在,也是国家权力、社会意识与文化传统建构而成一种社会文化现象,因此身体的历史就不仅是体质人类学意义上的进化史,也包括身体的社会史。本文除绪论、结论外共分四章。第一章论述宋代在身体认识方面取得的进步。中国从远古就开始了对人类自身身体的认识,积至战国、秦汉时期已有相当程度之了解,从《黄帝内经》等医籍、睡虎地秦简《封诊式》等出土文献中都可看到有关记述。到了宋代,对身体的认识发展到一个新的高峰,最突出的成就一是在人体解剖实践基础上对身体生理结构产生了科学的、居于当时世界最先进水平的认识,二是在刑事检验实践中对身体损伤及尸体生物学变化的认识达到了空前水平。《区希范五脏图》、《存真图》、《洗冤集录》等作品就是宋人身体认识进步的结晶和表现,对宋以后直至晚清西方医学传入之前的中国古代生理学、医学有着重大影响。宋代在身体认识方面取得巨大进步既有朝廷重视医学发展、重视司法形成了一套完备的刑事检验制度、社会文化相对普及和文人十大夫向医学积极靠拢、雕版印刷技术发达有利于医学知识广泛传播等外部因素的作用,也是传统医学内部发展的结果。出土宋墓古尸既可印证宋代尸体生物学认识的进步,又为宋人身体形态学描述提供了个体标本。第二章论述宋代国家权力对身体的惩罚与规训。宋立国伊始沿用唐、五代法律,太祖初年修成宋代第一部法典《宋建隆重详定刑统》和第一部编敕《建隆编敕》。宋代立法律敕兼行、敕优于律。随着社会进一步发展,“律不足以周事情”,故需“敕、令、格、式随时修立”,此即两宋不断新修编敕的原因。这些法典确立起来的法律体系像一只看不见的巨灵之手调整着宋代国家与个人、个人与个人之间的关系。中国传统社会没有违法与犯罪的区别,违法即是犯罪,就会受到刑罚处罚,刑罚是国家最重要、最有力的社会关系调整手段。宋代主刑和唐代一样分为笞、杖、徒、流、死5个刑种21个刑等,但执行方式有了重大变化：笞、杖、徒、流四刑实行折杖法,死刑在决重杖处死、处斩之外增加了凌迟；附加刑方面除了承自前代的移乡、令众、安置、居住等外,增设了配、编管、羁管等刑种。这些新变革及其在宋代的演变反映了当时的社会局势,也反映出宋代国家身体规训权力技术的发展。宋人身体被它分类、被它限制或是被它伤害、被它毁灭,都体现出宋代国家权力对身体的惩罚与规训。尤其是编管、羁管的创设首次以“身体自由”作为刑罚对象,既是刑罚史上劳役刑转向自由刑的先声,更使“自由”这一个人重要权利客体第一次在历史天空上明确呈现。第三章论述教育对生徒身体规训方式在宋代发生的重大转变。先秦政教合一,礼乐之教教学内容即国家行政事务,此种教育本质上是一种实践教育、养成式教育,或者说在实践中使国子受到熏陶浸染自发养成人格,故口“长养国子”、“礼乐造十”。秦汉以后教育内容转为书本知识,礼乐教育传统本身亦成为知识对象。知识学习模式之下怎样培养十之德操?此即汉唐学校中学礼制度建立的背景及其所担负的历史任务,但象征化的、作为礼乐之教孑遗的学礼不可能解决问题,至宋代更趋于形式。同时宋代掀起了中国历史上最大规模的兴学运动,学校生徒激增。面对众多的学生,管理问题便浮出水面——这实际上是前一问题在新形势下的延续——于是“学规”应运而生,并最终在私学的影响、官方的推动和理学家热衷创办书院的助力之下普及于全国各级各类学校。宋代学规的兴起、普及标志着管理式教育的建立,此可称之曰“学规训十”。换言之,传统教育对生徒身体的规训模式在宋代发生了革命性的变化,这是宋代兴学带来的学校教育规模化、体制化发展的必然。第四章以米代特出的汉民族文身和女性缠足现象为中心论述社会和传统对身体的再塑。文身是一种源远流长的特殊文化现象,世界各个民族在不同时期皆有此俗。宋代汉民族文身与其统治区域内各少数民族文身由于处于不同的民族发展阶段而具有不同的文化内涵,是唐宋变革期身体进入审美视域后产生的一种社会现象。本章还对宋人文身及文身消除术所用药料、具体方法作了探讨；并重构了文身在宋代社会的传播过程,同时从此角度出发对宋代军队招刺及罪犯刺配起源提出了新解释。文身而外,宋人另一重要的身体再塑行为是缠足。本章通过文献与考古材料互证,指出宋式缠足与明清缠足的“小”脚不同,具有弓、纤／窄、较大的特征,并详绎了宋代缠足在时间、地域、社会阶层之间的流动谱系,指出缠足自宋迄清经历了一个由时尚经民俗、礼俗到内化为女性身体第二性征的演进过程。还进一步将文身和缠足纳入身体理论和社会性别理论视野,考察了社会、传统再塑身体的动力机制及宋代对中国社会性别关系形成史的“深描”。
[Abstract]:Human body is not only a natural existence, but also a social and cultural phenomenon constructed by state power, social consciousness and cultural tradition. Therefore, the history of human body is not only an evolutionary history in the sense of physical anthropology, but also a social history of human body. From ancient times, China began to understand the human body, accumulated to the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties have a considerable understanding of the body, from the < Huangdi Neijing > and other medical books, Shuihudi Qin bamboo slips < sealed diagnosis type > and other unearthed documents can be seen in the records. By the Song Dynasty, the understanding of the body developed to a new peak, the most prominent. One of the achievements is that on the basis of the practice of human anatomy, a scientific understanding of the physiological structure of the body was produced, which was at the most advanced level in the world at that time. The other is that in the practice of criminal examination, the understanding of the physical injury and the biological changes of the corpse reached an unprecedented level. The crystallization and manifestation of the progress of cognition had a great influence on ancient Chinese physiology and medicine from Song Dynasty till the introduction of Western medicine in late Qing Dynasty. The unearthed tombs of the Song Dynasty not only confirm the progress of the understanding of the biology of the corpses of the Song Dynasty, but also provide individual specimens for the description of the body morphology of the Song people.
The second chapter discusses the punishment and discipline of the state power on the body in the Song Dynasty. The legal system established by these codes, like an invisible giant spirit, regulated the relationship between the state and individuals, individuals and individuals in the Song Dynasty. Penalty is the most important and powerful means to adjust social relations. The principal punishment in Song Dynasty and Tang Dynasty can be divided into five kinds and 21 kinds of punishments, such as Sheng, Zhu, Prisoner, Stream and Death. However, the execution mode has changed greatly: Sheng, Zhu, imprisonment, Stream four punishments implement the broken stick law, the death penalty is executed with the decisive stick, and the execution is delayed in addition to the additional punishment. These new changes and their evolution in the Song Dynasty reflected the social situation at that time, and also reflected the development of the Song Dynasty state physical discipline power technology. The punishment and discipline of power on the body, especially the creation of the editorial and custodial system, takes "freedom of the body" as the object of punishment for the first time, which is not only the forerunner of the transition from labor punishment to freedom punishment in the history of punishment, but also makes the important right object of "freedom" appear clearly in the historical sky for the first time.
The third chapter discusses the great changes in the way of physical discipline of students in the Song Dynasty. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the content of education changed into book knowledge, and the tradition of ritual and music education itself became the object of knowledge. How to cultivate the ten virtues under the knowledge learning mode? This is the background of the establishment of ritual system in the middle schools of the Han and Tang Dynasties and the historical task it undertakes, but symbolic rites, as the legacy of ritual and music education, can not be solved. At the same time, the Song Dynasty set off the largest school movement in Chinese history, and the number of students soared. In the face of a large number of students, management problems emerged - this is actually a continuation of the previous problem in the new situation - so the "rules" came into being, and eventually in the private school's influence, the official promotion. The rise of school rules in the Song Dynasty marked the establishment of management-oriented education, which can be called "the Ten Disciplines of Learning". In other words, the traditional disciplines of students'bodies in the Song Dynasty have undergone a revolutionary change, which was brought about by the Song Dynasty school. The necessity of the scale and institutionalization of school education.
The fourth chapter focuses on the Chinese tattoo and female foot-binding in the Ming Dynasty. Tattoo is a special cultural phenomenon with a long history, which is common among all ethnic groups in the world at different times. It is a social phenomenon that the body entered the aesthetic horizon in the period of Tang and Song Dynasties. This chapter also discusses the medicinal materials and specific methods used in eliminating tattoo and body in Song Dynasty, and reconstructs the spreading process of tattoo and body in Song Dynasty. This chapter points out that footbinding in Song Dynasty is different from footbinding in Ming and Qing Dynasties in that it has the characteristics of bow, slim/narrow, and larger. It also explains in detail the flowing spectrum of footbinding in Song Dynasty among time, region and social stratum. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, it is pointed out that footbinding has undergone a process of evolution from fashion to folk custom, and from etiquette to internalization as the second sexual characteristic of female body. Sketch.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R-092;K244

【参考文献】