明代中后期宫廷涉外交往研究
发布时间：2018-12-13 17:57
【摘要】：明代中后期宫廷涉外交往是指明代中后期以皇帝为核心,包括皇后、妃嫔、宦官在内的宫廷中人所参与的涉外交往活动以及以服务宫廷皇室为目的的涉外交往活动。它是明朝对外交往的重要组成部分,是明代中外关系史研究不可或缺的组成。本文主要围绕明代中后期的朝贡活动、西方传教士的宫廷活动、宦官的涉外活动三个方面对明代中后期宫廷涉外交往进行研究。本文共分为五个部分:第一部分论述了明前期朝贡体系的建立。明太祖朱元璋在建立明朝后沿用朝贡制度,遣使四出,招徕各国朝贡,积极建立与周边各国的友好关系。高丽、安南、日本、琉球等国在明太祖政策的影响下陆续遣使入明朝贡。到成祖、宣宗时期,祖孙二人实行更加主动的外交政策,派遣郑和七下西洋,朝贡体系达到顶峰。明太祖时期还制定了与朝贡政策相配合的海禁政策和朝贡礼仪。海禁政策对朝贡体系起到了维护的作用。繁琐、严格的朝贡礼仪则是朝贡体系下宗藩关系的外在体现。第二部分论述明代中后期的朝贡活动。不仅分别阐述了明代中后期主要朝贡国家朝贡活动的情况及贡期、贡道、朝贡频率的变化。还与明前期的朝贡活动就朝贡次数、朝贡国家(数量、区域)等方面进行了对比,得出了明代中后期朝贡活动的变化。并分析了朝贡活动变化的原因。第三部分论述明朝宫廷与西方传教士的交往。唐元时期传教士就开始了与宫廷的交往,注意发展与皇室宫廷的友好关系,以达到促进其传教的目的。明末天主教士也积极谋求进入明朝宫廷,以期获得皇帝对于天主教在华传教的认可。经过利玛窦等人的努力,西学与天主教开始在明朝宫廷传播。第四部分论述明代中后期宦官涉外交往活动。明代中后期宦官权力逐渐扩大,阉宦擅权乱政的现象屡见不鲜,在涉外交往上也多有介入。宦官不仅掌握市舶司管理的大权还作为使臣出使他国。第五部分结语,论述了明代中后期宫廷涉外交往活动的特征。与前期相比,明代中后期的宫廷涉外交往活动具有继承性、时代性、衰退性的特征。
[Abstract]:In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the foreign communication between the court and the imperial court refers to that the emperor is the core, including the empress, the concubines, the eunuchs and so on, and that the purpose of the foreign communication is to serve the royal court. It is an important part of the external communication of the Ming Dynasty and an indispensable component of the study of the history of Sino-foreign relations in the Ming Dynasty. This paper mainly focuses on the tribute activities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the court activities of the western missionaries and the foreign affairs activities of the eunuchs. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part discusses the establishment of tributary system in the early Ming Dynasty. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, followed the tributary system, sent out emissaries, touted tribute from all countries, and actively established friendly relations with the surrounding countries. Korea, Annan, Japan, Ryukyu and other countries under the influence of the Ming Taizu policy one after another sent to the Ming tribute. By the time of Chengzu and Xuanzong, the two men pursued a more active foreign policy, sending Zheng he to the Western Ocean, and the tributary system reached its pinnacle. Ming Taizu period also formulated with the tributary policy in line with the sea ban policy and tributary etiquette. The policy of prohibition of sea plays an important role in maintaining the tributary system. The complicated and strict tributary etiquette is the external embodiment of the suzerain-vassal relationship under the tributary system. The second part discusses the tributary activities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Not only the main tributary activities in the late Ming Dynasty, but also the variation of the tributary frequency in the tributary period, the tribute road and the tributary frequency. It also compares with the tribute activities in the early Ming Dynasty in terms of the number of tributes, the number and the region of the tributes, and obtains the changes of the tributary activities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The reasons for the change of tributary activities are also analyzed. The third part discusses the communication between the Ming court and western missionaries. During the Tang and Yuan dynasties, missionaries began to communicate with the court and pay attention to the development of friendly relations with the royal court in order to promote its missionary purpose. In the late Ming Dynasty, Catholics also actively sought to enter the Ming court in order to gain the emperor's approval of Catholicism in China. Through the efforts of Matteo Ricci and others, Western studies and Catholicism began to spread at the Ming court. The fourth part discusses the foreign communication activities of eunuchs in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The power of eunuchs gradually expanded in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Eunuchs not only control the management of the ship Department, but also as envoys to other countries. The fifth part discusses the characteristics of foreign-related communication in the court in mid-and late Ming Dynasty. Compared with the earlier period, the court's foreign communication in the middle and late Ming Dynasty was characterized by inheritance, times and decline.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K248
本文编号：2376969
[Abstract]:In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the foreign communication between the court and the imperial court refers to that the emperor is the core, including the empress, the concubines, the eunuchs and so on, and that the purpose of the foreign communication is to serve the royal court. It is an important part of the external communication of the Ming Dynasty and an indispensable component of the study of the history of Sino-foreign relations in the Ming Dynasty. This paper mainly focuses on the tribute activities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the court activities of the western missionaries and the foreign affairs activities of the eunuchs. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part discusses the establishment of tributary system in the early Ming Dynasty. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, followed the tributary system, sent out emissaries, touted tribute from all countries, and actively established friendly relations with the surrounding countries. Korea, Annan, Japan, Ryukyu and other countries under the influence of the Ming Taizu policy one after another sent to the Ming tribute. By the time of Chengzu and Xuanzong, the two men pursued a more active foreign policy, sending Zheng he to the Western Ocean, and the tributary system reached its pinnacle. Ming Taizu period also formulated with the tributary policy in line with the sea ban policy and tributary etiquette. The policy of prohibition of sea plays an important role in maintaining the tributary system. The complicated and strict tributary etiquette is the external embodiment of the suzerain-vassal relationship under the tributary system. The second part discusses the tributary activities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Not only the main tributary activities in the late Ming Dynasty, but also the variation of the tributary frequency in the tributary period, the tribute road and the tributary frequency. It also compares with the tribute activities in the early Ming Dynasty in terms of the number of tributes, the number and the region of the tributes, and obtains the changes of the tributary activities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The reasons for the change of tributary activities are also analyzed. The third part discusses the communication between the Ming court and western missionaries. During the Tang and Yuan dynasties, missionaries began to communicate with the court and pay attention to the development of friendly relations with the royal court in order to promote its missionary purpose. In the late Ming Dynasty, Catholics also actively sought to enter the Ming court in order to gain the emperor's approval of Catholicism in China. Through the efforts of Matteo Ricci and others, Western studies and Catholicism began to spread at the Ming court. The fourth part discusses the foreign communication activities of eunuchs in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The power of eunuchs gradually expanded in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Eunuchs not only control the management of the ship Department, but also as envoys to other countries. The fifth part discusses the characteristics of foreign-related communication in the court in mid-and late Ming Dynasty. Compared with the earlier period, the court's foreign communication in the middle and late Ming Dynasty was characterized by inheritance, times and decline.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K248
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