封陲之守—宋辽河东熙宁划界诸层面

发布时间：2019-01-01 16:52

【摘要】：发生于北宋熙宁年间的河东路宋辽划界活动,是宋辽关系史的重要一页,在澶渊以后的百年和平中,熙宁划界是双方边界的惟一一次调整。本文以河东沿边山川形势、堡寨口铺的地理考释为切入点,重点考察宋辽争议地界的分布、规模和沿革,通过绘制较为精确划界地图,复原这一纷繁复杂的划界事件。在此基础上,本文将熙宁划界纳入到宋辽河东边界百年经营的背景中,着重探讨宋辽时期的边界经营与边界意识。北宋初年,为削弱北汉、防御契丹南下,宋太祖、太宗朝开始实行坚壁清野政策,不断将河东路北部与辽接壤的代州、宁化军等地民户内徙,并禁止民户拓耕塞下,这一举措使河东边境人户凋零,至真宗朝“澶渊之盟”时,宋辽河东交界变为边界模糊的“禁地”。澶渊以后,宋辽两国逐渐在长期和平交往中,将沿边山脉上的长连城,作为双方约定俗成的边界线。宋人起初禁止本国民户进入河东边境,但作为对辽境居民不断越过长连城、闯入“禁地”的反应,仁宗庆历年后,宋亦开始着手经营,于河东“禁地”根括土地,与辽政权渐起纠纷,但双方的交涉尚停留在地方政府的层面。至神宗朝熙宁年间,长期积累的边界问题终于因辽方的强烈提议,进入国家层面的交涉过程。在熙宁七年以后的四年间,宋先后两次遣大臣至边境,与辽方进行了旷日持久的谈判,并遣沈括作为特使,赴辽廷讨论边界事宜。在包括辽方调动边境军事力量等多种压力下,宋廷在谈判过程中步步退让,最终确定以沿边山脉分水岭为划界原则,宋虽因此失去分水岭以北的部分疆域,但边界得以明晰,两国关系再次趋向缓和。熙宁划界后,宋辽河东边界基本保持稳定状态,直至契丹为金人所灭。熙宁划界是发生于两个成熟国家之间的边界谈判与划界活动,它的重要意义,不仅在于体现宋辽河东边界形态营从“禁地”到界线、经营主体由地方升至国家的重大转变,更为重要的是,双方在划界过程中对于州县以下村堡、口铺的锱铢必较、寸土必争,以及最终形成的那条清晰的边界线,将促使我们反思古代中央政权不重视边界的陈论,从而引发对宋辽时期边界经营与边界认识的再讨论。
[Abstract]:The demarcation activity of Song and Liao on Hedong Road during the Xining period of Northern Song Dynasty was an important page in the history of Song and Liao relations. In the hundred years of peace after Chanyuan, the demarcation of Xining was the only adjustment of the boundary between the two sides. This paper focuses on the distribution, scale and evolution of the disputed land boundary of Song and Liao Dynasty, and restores this complicated demarcation event by drawing a more accurate map of demarcation. The paper takes the situation of mountains and rivers along the edge of Hedong River and the geographical textual research of Baozhaikoupu as the breakthrough point, focusing on the distribution, scale and evolution of the disputed land boundary of the Song and Liao dynasties. On this basis, this paper brings the demarcation of Xining into the background of the century-old management of the eastern boundary of Song Liao River, and probes into the boundary management and the consciousness of the boundary in the Song and Liao dynasties. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to weaken the Northern Han Dynasty, to defend Qidan from the south, the Song Taizu and Taizong dynasties began to implement the policy of firm walls and clear the wild, constantly moving the provinces bordering the northern part of Hedong Road with the Liao Dynasty, Ninghua Army, and other civilian households, and forbidding the people's households to expand and plug them down. This action made Hedong border households wither, until the true dynasty "Chanyuan alliance", Song-Liao River-east border into a vague border "forbidden land." After Chanyuan, the Song and Liao dynasties gradually established the border between the two countries in the long peaceful exchanges along the border mountains. At first, the Song people banned their families from entering the Hedong border, but in response to the residents of the Liao Dynasty crossing over the city of Changlian and breaking into the "forbidden land", Renzong Qing calendar year later, the Song Dynasty also began to operate, including the land at the root of the "forbidden land" in Hedong. The dispute with the Liao regime gradually arose, but the negotiation between the two sides remained at the level of the local government. To Shenzong dynasty Xining, the long-accumulated boundary problem finally entered the negotiation process at the national level because of Liao's strong proposal. In the four years after Xining seven years later, Song sent ministers to the border twice, held protracted negotiations with the Liao side, and sent Shen Kuo, as a special envoy, to the Liao court to discuss the border issues. Under various pressures, including the Liao side's mobilization of border military forces, the Song Dynasty retreated step by step during the negotiation process, and finally decided on the principle of dividing the watersheds along the border mountains as the demarcation principle. Although Song lost part of the territory to the north of the watershed, the boundary became clear. Relations between the two countries have once again tended to ease. After the demarcation of Xining, the eastern boundary of Song Liao River remained stable until Qidan was destroyed by Jin people. Xining demarcation is a border negotiation and demarcation activity between two mature countries. Its important significance is not only to reflect the significant change from "no-land" to "boundary line" in the eastern border of Song Dynasty and Liao River, and from the local level to the state. What is more important is that in the process of delimiting the boundary, the two sides' haggernaut over each other in the process of demarcation of villages and bunkers below the state and county levels, and the dispute over every inch of land, as well as the resulting clear boundary line, will prompt us to reflect on the old argument that the ancient central government did not attach importance to the border. So as to lead to the Song-Liao period border management and understanding of the boundary again discussion.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K244

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