气候环境驱动下的中国北方早期社会历史时空演进及其机制

发布时间：2019-07-27 08:07

【摘要】：诸多沉积记录揭示,中国北方早期历史,气候环境大致经历了3580-3050 cal a BP、3050-1800 cal a BP两个阶段;前者为稳定的湿润气候期,后者为逐渐趋于干燥的气候期;前期为中国历史上第二个王朝—商王朝统治期,政局稳定,社会承平,王朝较为稳定地传承了500余年,是中国历史上"寿命"最长的朝代;后者对应西周—东周(春秋—战国)—秦—西汉—东汉—三国等朝代,在不足1300年内,政权格局多次更迭,表现出一种与前期截然相反的社会政治生态。这期间,以都城为标志的王朝的重心,具有向东南迁移的趋势。年代对比发现,商代夏、周代商、平王东迁、西汉甚至东汉灭亡等改朝换代的社会政治事件,都与沉积记录所指示的气候环境的显著变化(恶化)对应。研究再次证实早期的中国历史与气候变化存在密切的关系,并认为如下两个因素可以阐述这种关系的存在:(1)中国北方地理环境空间是扇状的,且自然环境具有梯度变化的特征,这种地理环境格局叠加在气候变化之上,具有特殊的加剧与舒缓区域社会矛盾的作用。(2)小农经济具有对气候变化的特殊敏感性。对西汉所做的案例考察认为,不尽合理的社会体制往往通过一系列反馈作用将这种敏感性在气候恶化阶段"放大",随之形成一系列连锁反应,由此造成的各种危机成为王朝崩溃重要因素。
[Abstract]:Many sedimentary records show that in the early history of northern China, the climate and environment roughly went through 3580 cal a BP,3050-1800 cal a BP two stages: the former is a stable humid climate period, the latter is a gradually dry climatological period, the early period is the second dynasty in Chinese history-Shang Dynasty ruling period, the political situation is stable, the society inherits flat, the dynasty inherits more stably for more than 500 years, which is the longest "life span" dynasty in Chinese history. The latter corresponds to the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Spring and Autumn period, the warring States period), the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three Kingdoms and other dynasties, and in less than 1300 years, the regime pattern has changed many times, showing a kind of social and political ecology opposite to that of the previous period. During this period, the center of gravity of the dynasty marked by the capital had the trend of moving southeast. It is found that the socio-political events of Shang Dynasty Xia, Zhou Shang, Ping Wang Dongqian, Western Han Dynasty and even the demise of Eastern Han Dynasty all correspond to the significant changes (deterioration) of climate and environment indicated by sedimentary records. The study once again confirms that there is a close relationship between early Chinese history and climate change, and holds that the following two factors can explain the existence of this relationship: (1) the geographical environment space of northern China is fan-shaped, and the natural environment has the characteristics of gradient change, and this geographical environment pattern is superimposed on climate change. It plays a special role in aggravating and soothing regional social contradictions. (2) small peasant economy has special sensitivity to climate change. The case study of the Western Han Dynasty shows that the unreasonable social system often magnifies this sensitivity in the stage of climate deterioration through a series of feedback, and then forms a series of chain reactions, and the resulting crises become an important factor in the collapse of the dynasty.
【作者单位】：鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室江西师范大学地理环境学院;中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;
【基金】：江西省重大生态安全问题监控协同创新中心项目(JXS-EW-00) 鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室(江西师范大学)开放基金项目(ZK2013003) 国家自然科学基金项目(41262007) 江西省教育厅研究生创新基金项目(YC2017-S127)~~
【分类号】：K22;P467

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