斯考切波革命理论研究

发布时间：2018-03-10 08:29

本文选题：社会革命　切入点：国家　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：革命现象虽然久已有之,但是,对于革命现象的研究在20世纪以来才开始在理论研究中占有重要位置,并形成特定的研究传统。根据西方有关学者的归纳,革命理论大致上可划分为四个代际,作为第三代革命理论的代表——斯考切波的革命理论以其独特的分析视角和分析方法对革命的原因和后果进行了全面的分析,在革命理论研究中具有里程碑式的重要地位。在斯考切波的革命理论中,社会革命是其研究对象,“在世界现代史上,社会革命极少发生却意义重大,它是一个社会的国家政权和阶级结构都发生快速而根本转变的过程,这个过程同时伴随着自下而上的阶级反抗”,这是斯考切波所界定的社会革命。斯考切波将之前流行于西方的革命理论总结概括为聚合—心理学理论、系统/价值共识理论和政治—冲突理论,她认为上述三种理论普遍存在唯意志论的色彩,针对这一弊端,斯考切波提出一个重要论断,即“在历史上,没有一场成功的社会革命曾经以大众动员和公开的革命运动的方式‘制造’出来的”,同时,斯考切波强调,应该以结构性视角来分析革命,即要集中关注以下三种关系:阶级与阶级间的关系、阶级与国家间的关系、国家与国家间的关系,这三种关系构成了斯考切波结构性视角的实质内容。在研究方法上,斯考切波采取了比较历史研究方法,选取1787—1800年的法国革命、1917—1921年的俄国革命和1911年—1949年的中国革命进行比较研究。具体到法国革命、俄国革命和中国革命的研究,这三种结构性关系具体包括:农业经济为主导的国家中的上层地主阶级和农民之间的关系、专制主义下的国家与上层地主阶级之间的关系、国家在竞争性的资本主义经济体系和国家关系体系中所处的地位。斯考切波特别强调国际与世界历史背景,她认为,对所有现代社会革命而言,资本主义经济的发展,加之民族国家的形成,构成了社会革命得以发生的外部大环境。同时,斯考切波认为要将国家作为革命分析的中心,强调国家具有潜在自主性。在斯考切波看来,“国家应该被看成是一套宏观结构,它是一套以执行权威为首,并或多或少是由执行权威加以良性协调的行政、政策和军事组织”,而不能仅仅将国家理解为是一个社会经济冲突展开战斗的场所。世界上存在的任何一个国家想要位置自己的生存和发展,都必定要从社会中汲取资源,并利用这些资源来巩固自己行政结构体系。这些基本的国家组织一方面面对着其内部所发生的各个阶层的分化,另一方面,这些国家的生存和发展不可能置身事外于国际和世界历史背景。
[Abstract]:Although revolutionary phenomena have existed for a long time, the study of revolutionary phenomena has only begun to occupy an important position in theoretical research since 20th century, and formed a specific research tradition. The revolutionary theory can be roughly divided into four generations. As the representative of the third generation revolutionary theory, Skauchepo's revolutionary theory has made a comprehensive analysis of the causes and consequences of the revolution with its unique perspective of analysis and analytical methods. In the revolutionary theory research, social revolution is the object of study. "in the modern history of the world, the social revolution rarely occurs, but it is of great significance." It is a process of rapid and fundamental changes in the state power and class structure of a society. This process is accompanied by a bottom-up class revolt, "as Skauchepo defines the social revolution, which summed up the revolutionary theories that had been popular in the West as polymer-psychological theories. System / value consensus theory and political-conflict theory, she believes that these three theories generally have the color of volitionalism, and in view of this drawback, Skauchepo puts forward an important conclusion, that is, "in history, None of the successful social revolutions have ever been 'created' in the form of mass mobilization and an open revolutionary movement ". At the same time, Skauchepo stressed that revolutions should be analyzed from a structural perspective. That is, we should focus on the following three kinds of relations: the relationship between class and class, the relationship between class and state, and the relationship between state and state. Skauchepo adopted the method of comparative historical research, and selected the Russian Revolution from 1787 to 1800 and the Chinese Revolution from 1911 to 1949 to carry out a comparative study on the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution and the Chinese Revolution. These three structural relationships include specifically the relationship between the upper landlord class and the peasants in a country dominated by the agricultural economy, the relationship between the state and the upper landlord class under autocracy, The position of the state in the competitive capitalist economic system and the system of state relations. Scochebo placed particular emphasis on the international and world historical background. She believed that for all modern social revolutions, the development of the capitalist economy, In addition, the formation of the nation-state constituted the external environment in which the social revolution could take place. At the same time, Skauchepo thought that the state should be the center of revolutionary analysis. Emphasizing the potential autonomy of the State. In Skauchepo's view, "the State should be seen as a macro structure, a set of administration led by executive authority and more or less well coordinated by executive authority," "policies and military organizations", rather than simply understanding the State as a place to fight socio-economic conflicts... any country that exists in the world that wants to take its place for its own survival and development must draw resources from society, And use these resources to consolidate their own administrative structure. These basic state organizations, on the one hand, are faced with the divisions that take place within them, on the other hand, The survival and development of these countries can not be isolated from the international and world historical background.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D091

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