论国家的“相对自主性”——马克思国家理论中的上层建筑难题

发布时间：2018-04-04 04:17

本文选题：上层建筑　切入点：国家理论　出处：《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2017年02期

【摘要】：马克思的国家理论是马克思政治哲学研究中的核心问题,上世纪70年代英国马克思主义者引发了有关“国家相对自主性”的讨论,认为国家并不完全受经济基础的决定,其自身具有相对独立的能动能力。与之类似,阿尔都塞以“多元决定论”强调了上层建筑与经济基础之间具有复杂的结构关系,社会机体的冲突与发展不可能被简化为某个单一的中心矛盾,相反,社会机体的矛盾是以多元决定的方式出现的。这些相关的国家自主性理论,都意在挣脱经济决定论的机械主义倾向,从而从上层建筑的视角来解释社会矛盾与社会结构的运动。从思想史上看,马克思先后面对着两种国家类型:弱的政治国家与强的政治国家。前者以抽象的形式主义与市民社会保持着距离;后者则自上而下地要求干预经济政策,体现为过分强烈的国家主张。因此,马克思本人关于政治国家的理解存在着视角上的转化。青年马克思的国家批判理论认为市民社会与政治国家的分离造成政治国家并未真正吸纳社会要素,凌驾于市民社会之上的国家具有虚假的自主性。成熟时期的马克思更加关注资本与现代国家的同构关系,由此面对着现代民族国家的崛起问题。
[Abstract]:Marx's theory of state is the core issue in the study of Marxist political philosophy. In the 1970s, the British Marxists initiated a discussion on "relative autonomy of the state", arguing that the state was not entirely determined by the economic basis.Its own relatively independent dynamic ability.Similarly, Althusser's "pluralistic determinism" emphasizes the complex structural relationship between the superstructure and the economic base, and the conflict and development of the social organism cannot be reduced to a single central contradiction.The contradiction of social organism appears in a pluralistic way.All these related theories of national autonomy are intended to break away from the mechanistic tendency of economic determinism and to explain the social contradiction and the movement of social structure from the perspective of superstructure.In the history of thought, Marx faced two types of countries: weak political state and strong political state.The former maintains a distance from the civil society by abstract formalism, while the latter demands intervention in economic policy from the top down, which is reflected in an excessively strong state claim.Therefore, Marx's own understanding of the political state has a transformation from the perspective.Young Marx's theory of state criticism holds that the separation of civil society and political state results in the fact that the political state does not really absorb the social elements, and the country above the civil society has false autonomy.In the mature period, Marx paid more attention to the isomorphism between capital and modern country, so he faced the problem of the rise of modern nation state.
【作者单位】：复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院;

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