亚里士多德与霍布斯政治思想的人性论基础比较

发布时间：2018-04-24 09:32

本文选题：亚里士多德 + 霍布斯　；参考：《湘潭大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：在政治学领域,亚里士多德和霍布斯被公认为是政治思想史上重要的政治思想家。两者的政治思想有着很大的差异,而这种差异来自于不同的人性论基础,更进一步说,是两者对人的探究或者是对人性的观点不同。人的政治性是亚里士多德政治思想的基础,这种人性论包含着丰富的政治思想,包括:政治存在是本性得以充分发展的人的存在;正义是人的政治存在的基本原则;个人与城邦之间的政治关系是人类本性发展的必然产物,并先于伦理关系和经济关系。相比之下,霍布斯持人性自私论的观点,注重个体存在,强调个体的生存,并把保全生命作为第一条自然法则,认为契约是判断是否正义的标准。霍布斯的人性论包含了重视个体生存权利;强调个人自由和坚持平等的政治原则。因此,在两种不同的人性论基础上,产生了不同意义上的政治共同体——国家。前者是善的国家,认为善是国家的最终目的;后者是权利国家,指出国家是保障人切身利益的工具。对亚里士多德和霍布斯政治思想的人性论基础做比较和分析,可以肯定的是人是理性的动物,包括三个方面:第一,人最基本的需要是生存需要,而不是对城邦社群的需要;第二,城邦中的人未必是自足的,个体的善和城邦的善并非一致;第三,国家是理性人实现目标的工具。因此,国家的政治合法性是促进或调和所有人利益的契约,社会契约是一种理性的观念。无论是契约还是国家,其确定都根源于人的理性本质,而国家不是目的性的价值存在,是理性人实现其目标的工具。表面上看,现代政治思潮仅仅是研究视角的转换,实际上包含着深厚的西方哲学传统。社群主义可以追溯到亚里士多德哲学传统;而在古代自由主义思想就已经萌芽,近代自由主义思想趋向理论化,系统化。其中,霍布斯的政治思想为其提供了厚实的理论基础。亚里士多德和霍布斯政治思想的人性论基础奠定了两种不同的政治路向:“善的政治”和“权力政治”。两者不是完全对立矛盾的,有一致的观点。这说明了,两种路向是无法独立的存在于社会政治中的。只有把两种路向结合起来,和谐的政治共同体才会成为可能。由此看来,亚氏与霍布斯不管是在他们所处的时代,还是在现代都占据重要的地位,其影响是深远的。因此,回顾亚里士多德和霍布斯的政治哲学现代政治学说认识和理解有很大的启示,有着重要的意义和价值。
[Abstract]:In the field of political science, Aristotle and Hobbes are recognized as important political thinkers in the history of political thought. There is a great difference between the two political thoughts, and this difference comes from different theories of human nature. Furthermore, they have different views on human beings or on human nature. The political nature of man is the basis of Aristotle's political thought. This theory of human nature contains rich political thoughts, including: political existence is the existence of man whose nature can be fully developed, justice is the basic principle of man's political existence; The political relationship between individual and city-state is the inevitable outcome of the development of human nature, and precedes ethical and economic relations. In contrast, Hobbes holds the view of self-interest of human nature, pays attention to individual existence, emphasizes individual existence, and regards preservation of life as the first law of nature, and holds that contract is the criterion of judging justice. Hobbes' theory of human nature includes emphasizing the individual's right to exist, emphasizing individual freedom and upholding the political principle of equality. Therefore, on the basis of two different theories of human nature, political community-state is produced in different sense. The former is a good country, which regards the good as the ultimate goal of the state, and the latter is a state of right, pointing out that the state is a tool to protect the vital interests of human beings. By comparing and analyzing the basis of Aristotle and Hobbes' theory of human nature, we can be sure that man is a rational animal, which includes three aspects: first, the most basic need of man is the need for survival, not the need for the city-state community; Second, the people in the city-state may not be self-sufficient, and the good of the individual is not the same as the good of the city-state; third, the state is the tool of the rational man to achieve the goal. Therefore, the political legitimacy of the state is a contract to promote or reconcile the interests of all, and the social contract is a rational concept. Whether the contract or the country, its determination is rooted in the rational nature of human beings, and the state is not the existence of the value of purpose, but also the tool for rational people to achieve their goals. On the surface, the trend of modern political thought is merely a change of perspective, and in fact contains a profound tradition of western philosophy. Communitarianism can be traced back to Aristotle's philosophical tradition, but in ancient times liberalism has already sprouted, and modern liberalism tends to theorize and systematize. Among them, Hobbes' political thought provided him with a solid theoretical foundation. Aristotle and Hobbes laid down two different political directions: good politics and power politics. The two are not completely contradictory and have a consistent view. This shows that the two paths cannot exist independently in social politics. A harmonious political community will be possible only if the two directions are combined. In this sense, the influence of Aristotle and Hobbes, both in their time and in modern times, is profound. Therefore, reviewing Aristotle's and Hobbes's political philosophy, understanding and understanding the modern political theory have great enlightenment and important significance and value.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D091

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