拉兹法律权威思想研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 03:37

本文选题：拉兹 + 法律权威　；参考：《中南财经政法大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文以排他性法律实证主义的代表拉兹的法律权威思想作为研究对象,试图通过对其法律权威思想的研究和阐释深化法学理论上对法律权威的认识。从实证角度看,作为客观存在的社会现象,权威与人类社会相伴而生。在早期,权威作为政治学领域的核心概念,通常表现为一种使其受众基于权威的影响力而服从的能力。随着社会的发展,近代以来权威的存在领域逐步扩展。法律权威作为一种独特的权威类型,在人们的社会生活发挥着越来越重要的作用。自国家产生时起,法律与国家相伴而生,从早期法律作为确立政治权威合法性的一种形式,到今天法律成为人们生活中的行为准则,法律以其权威性对人们的生活产生着重要的影响。法律作为调整社会关系的有效手段调节着人们的行为,使人们依据法律的规定而行为。那么,法律是如何做到这一点的呢?即法律的权威何在呢?从理论角度看,自然法学认为,法律的权威来自道德的权威,只有具有道德正当性的法律才是真正的法律。自然法学的这一主张遭到了法律实证主义的强烈反对,法律实证主义认为自然法学将法律权威诉诸道德权威的主张将导致法律本身所具有的权威的缺失,因此法律实证主义努力寻找法律权威的实在性基础。从奥斯丁建立在法律命令说之上的强制性法律权威,凯尔森建立在基础规范说之上的强制性法律权威,哈特建立在法律规则说之上的内在法律权威中,我们可以看到法律实证主义者一直坚持将法律权威与道德权威相分离。哈特的法律规则说遭到了德沃金的法律原则说的重大挑战,德沃金认为哈特的法律规则说无法说明建立于政治道德基础之上的法律原则的存在。据此,德沃金将法律的权威建立在道德的权威基础之上,这对将道德从法律中分离出来的法律实证主义的法律权威观无疑是一个巨大的挑战。作为排他性法律实证主义的典型代表,拉兹以其法律权威思想坚定地捍卫着法律实证主义的基本立场。拉兹认为道德原则不可能凭借其实质内容而成为法律的一部分,法律的权威性本质要求人们在识别法律时依靠其存在的社会渊源,而非道德论证。拉兹将实践理性首次引入对法律权威的研究,以“理由理论”阐释了法律权威的本质。在拉兹看来,法律权威是人们行为的排他性理由,法律规则的存在对于人们权衡行为理由起着决定性作用。拉兹以“依赖性命题”、“优先性命题”、“通常证明命题”论证了法律权威的正当性,并以此形成了他的服务性法律权威观。法律权威的本质就在于为其受众提供服务,作为一种实践权威为人们的行为提供规范性指引。法律权威建立在对人们所持有的其他行为理由综合权衡、考量基础之上,它充当了人们的行为理由与正当理由之间的中介,使人们认识到遵循法律权威的指引而行动比根据自身的行为理由而行动将更好地按照正确的理由而行动,实现行动的目标。具有服务性功能的法律权威具有正当性,因此它能够取代人们对自己所拥有的行为理由的权衡,在适用上具有优先性。但是法律拥有权威并不意味人们具有服从法律的一般道德义务,法律权威作为排他性理由并未限制人们的思想自由及对权威的批判性反思,相反它通过本身所具有的制度特性为人们提供了公共可知的行为标准,促进社会合作,保障了个人自治的实现。拉兹提出尊重法律即是实现个人自治的一种选择,由此化解了沃尔夫的权威悖论对合法权威存在的质疑。拉兹的法律权威思想在法哲学的发展史上影响深远,其独特魅力就在于将权威理论引入对法律的本质的认识,使我们对法律权威的实践特性有了更深刻的认识。正因为法律权威是一种合法的实践权威,所以它才能为我们的行为提供有效的指引,促进社会合作,维护社会秩序的正常运行。在我国全面推进依法治国的当下,要实现法律在国家治理中的重要作用,在全社会树立法律权威具有重要意义。拉兹的服务性法律权威观告诉我们,权威性是法律的本质属性之一,在一个社会中只有法律拥有足够的权威,它才可能发挥对人们行为的有效指引作用。然而,长久以来,法律权威在我国并未真正树立起来。一方面,传统的儒家文化倡导以德治国,道德在人们的思想和行为中具有深厚影响;另一方面,法律的权威在于法律的实施。然而实践中立法质量不高、执法不严、司法不公等现象严重影响着人们对法律的制度信任,损害着法律的应有权威。循着拉兹的法律权威思想,我们应当在全社会培养规则意识,通过长久的法律教育使人们意识到遵守法律的重要性和必要性,使人们在心中形成对法律权威的尊重,进而在实践中将其作为排他性理由予以践行;在司法实践领域,通过司法改革为法官依法独立行使审判权提供制度保障,使法官在司法裁判中严格将法律作为排他性理由予以适用,依法裁决,不受任何法外因素影响,促进司法权威的实现。经由上述路径,最终实现法律权威对我国公民社会生活的有效指引。
[Abstract]:This article is based on the legal authority thought of Latz, the representative of exclusive legal positivism, and tries to deepen the understanding of legal authority through the study and interpretation of its legal authority thought. From an empirical point of view, as an objective social phenomenon, power is accompanied by human society. In the early stage, the authority was made. As the core concept in the field of politics, it is usually shown as a kind of ability to obey the influence of authority. With the development of society, the existence of authority has gradually expanded since modern times. As a unique type of authority, legal authority plays an increasingly important role in people's social life. From the time of time, the law is accompanied by the country. From the early law as a form of establishing the legitimacy of the political authority, the law has become the code of conduct in people's life, and the law has an important influence on people's life by its authority. As an effective means of adjusting social relations, the law regulates people's behavior and makes people depend on them. According to the provisions of the law, how does the law do this? What is the law? What is the authority of the law? From a theoretical point of view, the natural law believes that the authority of the law comes from the authority of morality, only the law with moral legitimacy is the real law. Yes, legal positivism holds that the claim of legal authority to appeal to moral authority will lead to the lack of authority in the law itself, so that legal positivism tries to find the solid foundation of the legal authority. From Austen's legal authority established on the legal command, Kelsen established the basic standard theory. On the mandatory legal authority above, Hart established the inherent legal authority above the rule of law. We can see that the legal positivist has always insisted on separating the legal authority from the moral authority. Hart's legal rules have been challenged by Dworkin's legal principles, and Dworkin believes that Hart's legal rules are said. It is impossible to explain the existence of the legal principles based on the political and moral basis. Accordingly, Dworkin establishes the authority of the law on the basis of moral authority, which is undoubtedly a great challenge to the legal positivist view of the legal positivism that separates morality from the law. Latz firmly defended the basic position of legal positivism with his legal authority. Latz believed that moral principles could not be part of the law by virtue of its substance. The authority nature of the law requires people to rely on their existing social origin and non moral argument when identifying the law. Latz leads the practical reason for the first time. In the study of legal authority, the essence of legal authority is explained with "reason theory". In Latz's view, the legal authority is exclusive reason for people's behavior. The existence of legal rules plays a decisive role in weighing the reasons for behavior. Latz is based on "dependence proposition", "priority proposition", "usually propositional" argument. The legitimacy of the legal authority has formed his service legal authority view. The essence of the legal authority is to serve the audience and provide a normative guide for the behavior of the people as a practical authority. The legal authority is based on the consideration of the other reasons of the people's behavior. The intermediary between the reason and the justifiable reason of people's behavior makes people realize that action follows the guidance of the authority of the law and action is better to act on the right reason than the reason of its own action, to achieve the goal of action. The legal authority of the service function is justified, so it can replace the people to self. The trade-off of the reasons for the behavior that you have has precedence. But the authority of the law does not mean that people have general moral obligations to obey the law. As exclusive reasons, the authority of law does not restrict people's freedom of thought and critical reflection on authority. It provides a public and knowable standard of behavior, promotes social cooperation and guarantees the realization of personal autonomy. Latz proposed that respect for law is a choice to realize personal autonomy, thereby dissolving the question of the existence of the legitimate authority of Wolf's authority paradox. Latz's legal authority thought has a profound influence on the history of legal philosophy and is unique. The charm lies in introducing the theory of authority into the understanding of the essence of the law so that we have a deeper understanding of the practical characteristics of the legal authority. Because the legal authority is a legal practice authority, it can provide effective guidance to our behavior, promote social cooperation and maintain the normal operation of the social order. To fully promote the rule of law at the moment, to realize the important role of law in state governance and to establish legal authority in the whole society is of great significance. Latz's view of the legal authority of service tells us that authority is one of the essential attributes of the law. In a society, only the law has enough authority, it may play to the people. However, for a long time, the authority of the law has not been established in our country. On the one hand, the traditional Confucian culture advocates the rule of virtue, morality has a profound influence on people's thought and behavior; on the other hand, the authority of the law lies in the implementation of the law. However, the quality of the law is not high, the law enforcement is not strict, and the Department is not strict. The phenomenon of unfair law seriously affects people's trust in the system of law and damages the due authority of the law. Following Latz's legal authority, we should cultivate the consciousness of rules in the whole society and make people realize the importance and necessity of observing the law through a long law education, so that people can form the respect for the authority of the law in the heart. In the field of judicial practice, in the field of judicial practice, the judge provides system guarantee for the judge to exercise the judicial power independently according to law, so that the judge strictly applies the law as exclusive reason to the judiciary, adjudicate according to law, not be influenced by any external factors and promote the judicial authority. Through the above path, we finally realize the effective guidance of the authority of law to our citizens' social life.

【学位授予单位】：中南财经政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D091

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