论奥克肖特的怀疑论保守主义

发布时间：2018-04-27 17:13

本文选题：奥克肖特 + 政治理性主义　；参考：《南京大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：理性主义是现代社会的一副面孔。作为一种时代精神的理性主义表现在政治世界,即为政治理性主义。政治理性主义可以被分析为三个命题：1)理性与“事物的本质”是一致的,因为唯有理性能够产生确定的知识。因此2)理性是唯一合理的知识样式,那么真正的政治知识也只能是理性知识,即理性建构的意识形态。3)既然理性或意识形态能够发现人类社会的真理与至善,那么政府行为的目标应当以理性的发现为依归,因为政府权力是强大的——如果不是无所不能的——且没有人不渴望真理与至善。作为怀疑论者的奥克肖特对政治理性主义的三个命题提出了质疑。首先,所谓事物的本质,即实在,并不存在于经验世界的背后,而是存在于经验世界之中。当经验世界呈现出一种整体性与连贯性时,那么它就是实在的。既然世界并没有一个永恒的本质,那么理性自称的对永恒的认知就是一个空洞的许诺。其次,所谓的理性知识的确定性,是一种对知识样式的偏颇的认识,即它忽略了其他的知识样式。此外,理性知识之所以会给人一种确定的印象,是因为它是一个抽象的概念体系。在这个意义上,理性知识既有以偏概全的逻辑上的问题,同时又作为一个抽象物而毫无意义。因此,理性需要作为他者的传统的救治,才能够起作用,才不会沦为抽象物。第三,既然理性存在着自身的缺陷,那么不但政府行为不应当接受理性的规导,甚至政府本身根本就没有外在的目标——政府不应当追求至善,政府的适当职能只是维持共同体的秩序。而政府如何护卫共同体的秩序,则完全是一个历史偶然性的问题,并不需要一个完备理论的说明。这一观点在合理多元事实的情境下,就显得更为有道理。奥克肖特批判政治理性主义过程中所阐发的思想,可称为怀疑论保守主义。一方面,这一学说有力的指出了政治理性主义的弊病；另一方面,该学说因其怀疑论的底色而与韦伯意义上的现代社会有着极强的亲和性。本文之目的即在于解说奥氏对政治理性主义批判的同时,阐释其怀疑论保守主义与现代社会的这种亲和性。
[Abstract]:Rationalism is a face of modern society. As a spirit of the times, rationalism is manifested in the political world, that is, political rationalism. Political rationalism can be analyzed as three propositions: 1) rationality is consistent with "the essence of things", because only reason can produce certain knowledge. Therefore, rationality is the only reasonable knowledge style, so the real political knowledge can only be rational knowledge, that is, the ideology constructed by reason. (3) since reason or ideology can discover the truth and the best of human society, Then the goal of government action should be based on rational discovery, for government power is powerful-if not omnipotent-and no one does not yearn for truth and goodness. As a skeptic, Oakchott questioned the three propositions of political rationalism. First of all, the essence of things, that is, reality, does not exist behind the world of experience, but in the world of experience. When the world of experience presents a unity and coherence, then it is real. Since the world does not have an eternal essence, rational recognition of eternity is an empty promise. Secondly, the certainty of rational knowledge is a biased understanding of knowledge style, that is, it ignores other knowledge styles. Moreover, rational knowledge gives a certain impression because it is an abstract conceptual system. In this sense, the rational knowledge has the logical problem of partial generality, but also as an abstract and meaningless. Therefore, reason needs to be the traditional cure of the other so that it can work and not degenerate into abstraction. Third, since reason has its own defects, not only should the government act under the guidance of reason, but even the government itself has no external goal-the government should not pursue the best. The proper function of government is merely to maintain order in the community. However, how the government protects the order of the community is a problem of historical contingency, and it does not need a complete theoretical explanation. This point of view is more reasonable in the context of reasonable and pluralistic facts. Oakchott's ideas in the process of criticizing political rationalism can be called sceptical conservatism. On the one hand, the theory points out the disadvantages of political rationalism; on the other hand, it has a strong affinity with Weber's modern society because of its skepticism. The purpose of this paper is to explain the affinity between his sceptical conservatism and modern society while explaining his criticism of political rationalism.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D089

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