适应性调整：新制度主义视角下的中国体制转型研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 07:39

本文选题：适应性调整 + 体制转型　；参考：《南开大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以新制度主义为分析视角从产权制度、政府行为、意识形态三个方面研究中国体制转型中的适应性调整问题。从总体而言,中国的体制转型是一场大规模的制度变迁,涉及到经济、政治、社会、文化等各个领域,由于中国体制转型的复杂性,使得转型中出现许多新制度主义理论所不能涵盖的特征,本文称其为“相机抉择性”特征,具体表现为：制度变迁主体角色适时转换；“诱致性”与“强制性”相伴而生的制度变迁方式；制度变迁路径的过渡性与适应性；意识形态的适应性调整。影响体制转型的主要因素除了行为主体的利益目标外,还包括宪法秩序、意识形态、中央放权改革、市场化进程等不断变化的制度环境以及利益集团与权力分配等因素。在中国体制转型中,产权制度、政府行为与意识形态随制度环境的变化而进行适应性调整并呈现出规律性特点,这些构成了中国体制转型的总体画卷。其中,产权制度是重中之重。依据新制度主义的经济绩效观评价中国产权制度改革既不符合制度绩效的一般标准,也不符合中国的特殊国情。本文构建了一个包括形式绩效与实质绩效、静态绩效与动态绩效相结合的多维绩效观取代原有的仅包含经济绩效标准的单一绩效观,并以此来评价中国体制转型中的企业产权制度改革绩效。本文通过实证分析指出,从形式绩效的动态角度而言,体制转型中国有企业与民营企业的产权制度调整均具有一定的“适应性效率”,即其各阶段的产权制度具有相对效率与动态适应性特点。但是从形式绩效的静态角度而言,还存在产权制度与外部竞争机制、内部治理结构的非耦合,以及制度供求不协调,相关制度安排配套改革不到位等问题。同时,在实质绩效方面,国有企业自改革以来其经济绩效显著,而公平绩效却存在很大不足。关于政府行为变迁,本文认为无论是中央政府行为还是地方政府行为的演化均是在自身趋利动机下根据制度环境所进行的适应性调整,只不过对二者形成约束的目标函数和面临的制度环境不完全相同。中央政府针对环境变化而进行的适应性调整主要体现在其放权行为(包括行政性放权、经济性放权、财政分权、政治放权)中。中央政府的放权行为与我国各个阶段的经济制度相适应,其放权进程主要受制于当时的宏观经济制度框架与官方意识形态。总体而言,中央政府的放权行为呈现出中央政府主导下市场导向性特征,通过中央政府对改革的主导性和对市场化的适应,使得中国形成了一种政治上相对集中与经济上相对自主的独特的政治经济结构。本文从苏南模式和温州模式中政府演化规律推导出地方政府行为调整的一般性轨迹,即地方政府行为经历从“直接介入”到“间接推动”再到“外围提供服务”三个阶段的转变。“直接介入”阶段的政府行为特点主要表现为直接介入、大包大揽和很强的资源动员、支配能力,政府行为影响企业经济活动的全过程,并主导企业的经济行为。“间接推动”阶段的政府行为特点与“直接接入”阶段大包大揽的政府有很大不同,政府由于客观制度环境而“被动”地从“主导者”转向“推动者”。政府充当“企业经纪人”角色,即政府通过各种方式主动将企业推向市场,政府从对企业的具体经济管理角色中退出。“外围提供服务”阶段的政府,由于政府与企业间关系由政府经济人、企业经纪人转为政府与企业间的互助或互惠关系,这时的政府不再对企业直接管理和经营,而是致力于营造本地区更好的市场环境、加强对企业的宏观指导。地方政府行为特点的演化是地方政府根据制度环境所进行的适应性调整的结果,影响地方政府行为调整的环境因素主要包括市场化进程、宏观制度环境与微观制度环境、政策环境、意识形态约束等。中央政府行为与地方政府行为调整的效应具有双重性,既推动又阻碍了经济社会的发展,从而形成了“政府行为悖论”,这是一种不完全等同于“诺斯悖论”的“制度性悖论”,即体制转型中的政府行为悖论更主要源于政府行为背后的制度因素,主要源于意识形态以及相关制度没有及时针对变化的经济基础及制度环境进行适应性调整。制度与行为均离不开观念的引导,在体制转型中对产权制度与政府行为构成最大约束条件的则是官方意识形态,产权制度与政府行为的调整必然伴随着官方意识形态的调整。在中国体制转型过程中,官方意识形态其实已是正式制度的重要组成部分,体现在国家政策文件以及宪法与相关法律体系中,对个体和团体的行为选择和国家制度变迁具有刚性约束作用,因此常被作为制度环境的重要构成部分。在意识形态因素中对当前中国体制转型影响最大的是：关于计划与市场关系、所有制性质以及公有制经济与非公有制经济的关系、分配领域的效率与公平的关系等的认识。中国体制转型中意识形态的调整呈现出官方意识形态与传统文化价值观念并行、意识形态与其他制度安排及制度环境的双向适应性、稳定性与灵活性相统一、渗透着实践理性的实用主义等特征。同时,体制转型中意识形态的影响效应呈从中心到边际递减趋势。并且,地方政府不同的意识形态偏好在一定程度上决定了本地区经济发展路径和经济模式,如苏南模式与温州模式的形成很大原因在于地方政府的意识形态差异。在肯定意识形态与观念调整的积极作用的同时,我们也应该看到其滞后性的一面,如导致对国有企业改革中的认知时滞、发明时滞与启动时滞；无法解释产权制度变迁与分配制度变迁中的现实问题；也没有针对市场经济建立起对寻利行为合理规约的意识形态,以至于无法发挥其淡化机会主义行为的功能。还体现为传统文化与价值观念与市场经济不协调,等等。中国体制转型所取得的巨大成就主要源于产权制度、政府行为与意识形态上的适应性调整。但是,我们也要应充分认识到,在这三大领域的调整中还存在很多问题,有些问题甚至已经严重影响到我国改革的绩效与进程。适应性调整的未来趋向首先要解决这些问题。在企业产权制度上,就是要通过一系列相关配套制度的改革,在深化企业产权制度改革的基础上,继续完善企业治理结构,并健全外部竞争机制；合理确定国有企业的社会目标与市场目标；健全与完善其他相关政治、经济与法律制度的配套改革：在政府行为上,就是要通过相关制度的完善与健全来正确处理中央政府、地方政府、企业之间的关系；通过转变政府行为理念、构建公共财政体制并改革政府绩效评估标准来促使公共服务型政府的建立；通过完善地方政府权力制衡机制来约束地方政府行为悖论；在意识形态与观念上,就是要一方面根据主导性与包容性并存；继承性与创新性兼顾；适应性与灵活性；有效性与实用性等原则继续发展与完善主流意识形态,另一方面还需要着力于构建与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的文化基础和价值观念体系,以更好地指导与规范人们的市场行为。总之,中国的体制转型向纵深处发展必须重点解决两方面的问题,一个是深入进行相关配套制度的改革,最主要的是政治制度与经济制度的配套改革；另一个是继续推进意识形态与观念的适时调整,使之既能很好地对转型成果作出合理说明,又能成为体制继续进行适应性调整的指南。
[Abstract]:On the whole , China ' s institutional transformation is a large - scale institutional change , which involves many fields such as economy , politics , society , culture and so on .
The system change mode of " inductivity " and " compulsory " companion ;
Transition and Adaptability of Institutional Transition Path
The main factors that influence the transformation of the system include constitutional order , ideology , central decentralization reform , market - oriented process and so on .

The paper constructs a multi - dimensional performance concept including formal performance and essential performance , static performance and dynamic performance .

On the change of government behavior , this paper holds that the evolvement of central government ' s behavior and local government behavior is the adaptability adjustment according to the institutional environment under its own profit motive , but it is not exactly the same as the target function and the institutional environment . The decentralization of the central government is mainly reflected in the economic system framework and official ideology .

In this paper , the general trajectory of local government behavior adjustment is derived from the evolution law of government in the mode of South Jiangsu and Wenzhou . The government behavior characteristic of " direct intervention " is mainly manifested as direct intervention , large - scale and strong resource mobilization , dominant ability , government behavior influence the whole process of enterprise ' s economic activity and leading the economic behavior of the enterprise .

The effect of central government behavior and local government behavior adjustment has double nature , which not only promotes and hinders the development of economic and social development , thus forms " institutional paradox " of " government behavior paradox " , that is , the government behavior paradox in the transformation of system is mainly derived from the institutional factors behind the government ' s behavior , mainly from ideology and the relevant system , which does not adapt to the changing economic base and institutional environment in time .

In the process of China ' s institutional transformation , official ideology is an important part of formal system . In the process of transformation of China ' s system , official ideology has become an important part of formal system .
Can ' t explain the real problem of the change of property right system and the change of distribution system ;
Nor has the ideology of rational statutes for seeking profit is established for market economy , so that it can not play its function of weakening opportunism . It is also embodied in the non - coordination between traditional culture and value idea and market economy , etc .

However , we should also fully realize that there are many problems in the adjustment of China ' s institutional transformation . However , we should also fully realize that there are many problems in the adjustment of the three fields , and some problems have even seriously affected the performance and process of our country ' s reform .
To rationally determine the social objectives and market objectives of state - owned enterprises ;
To perfect and perfect the reform of other relevant political , economic and legal systems : in the governmental action , the relations between the central government , the local government and the enterprise should be handled correctly through the perfection and perfection of the relevant system ;
The establishment of public service - oriented government is promoted by transforming the concept of government behavior , constructing public finance system and reforming government performance evaluation standard ;
To restrain the paradox of local government behavior by perfecting the local government power balance mechanism ;
In ideology and concept , we should co - exist on the one hand , on the one hand , on the one hand .
The inheritance and innovation are taken into account ;
adaptability and flexibility ;
The principles of validity and practicability continue to develop and perfect the mainstream ideology , and on the other hand , we need to focus on the construction of the cultural foundation and the value concept system that are compatible with the socialist market economic system , so as to better guide and regulate the market behavior of people .

In short , China ' s institutional transformation must focus on two aspects , one is the reform of the relevant supporting system , the most important is the reform of the political system and the economic system ;
The other is to continue to promote the timely adjustment of ideology and concept , so as to make it possible to make a reasonable explanation of the transformation results and to serve as a guide for the system to continue to adapt to the adaptation .

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D092

【参考文献】