马基雅维里《君主论》之“新君主”思想研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 08:13

本文选题：马基雅维里 + 《君主论》　；参考：《中共中央党校》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为近代政治哲学的创始人,马基雅维里颠覆了古典政治哲学的传统。依托《君主论》文本,通过叙述新君主国及新君主的性质、新君主的诞生、新君主的维持可揭示马基雅维里的意图,进而窥视政治哲学如何由古典向现代转型。事实上,整篇《君主论》隐藏着复杂的谋划。《君主论》并未按照第一章所预告的顺序进行谋篇布局,对君主国的类型学分析也迥异于古典哲学中的政体分类。马基雅维里所理解的新君主国兼具君主国与共和国双重面相,实质是以持久性为惟一标准,新君主也无所谓君主与僭主之分。在《君主论》中,马基雅维里翔实地论述了新君主的诞生与维持所需具备的条件。对新君主的诞生而言,道德优先是不可取的,只有敢于与命运相对抗并赢得命运女神的青睐,符合必然性的要求,紧密结合机遇与能力的人方有可能由布衣一跃为新君主。而要维持新君主国,君主则必须效仿狮子与狐狸,依靠法律与市民军,拒斥宗教权力。通过上述解读,本文认为,透过马基雅维里的政治思想谋划,我们可发现,马基雅维里并不是如其在《君主论》表面所述仅仅是一个奴颜婢膝以求被延揽入室的前朝旧臣,而是一个深谙君主与民众性质、智慧远甚于在位君主的导师,此书真正的呈阅对象亦不是洛伦佐·美第奇,而是潜在的新君主。马基雅维里试图在涉及道德是非的思想领域进行颠覆,传授甚至是开创新的方法与秩序。就此意义而言,马基雅维里是新秩序的创建者亦为意大利解放的创建者,本身便是潜在的新君主。本文亦认为,马基雅维里通过极为隐晦的方式颠覆了古典政治哲学。从菲利波门与朋友探讨如何攻占山丘的事例可看出,马基雅维里剑指古希腊哲学传统,把意大利统一的思想障碍归咎于古典的哲学传统。他自始至终皆在论证僭主之于一个全新君主国的诞生与维持的重要性,甚至索性抛弃了古典政治哲学中关于独裁者的限制性条件,塑造了一个邪恶的新君主,由此以回避灵魂对古典政治哲学进行了釜底抽薪,把人类尤其是新君主如何变得卓越的方式引向“人”本身。
[Abstract]:As the founder of modern political philosophy, Machiavelli subverted the tradition of classical political philosophy. On the basis of the text of monarchy, by narrating the nature of the new monarchy and the new monarchy, the birth of the new monarch and the maintenance of the new monarch, the intention of Machiavelli can be revealed, and then the transformation of political philosophy from classical to modern can be seen. As a matter of fact, the whole monarchy contains complex schemes. Monarchy is not arranged in the order predicted in the first chapter, and the typological analysis of monarchies is quite different from the classification of polity in classical philosophy. Machiavelli's understanding of the new monarchy has the dual face of the monarchy and the republic. In essence, the sole criterion of the new monarchy is permanence, and there is no distinction between the monarch and the tyrant. In monarchy, Machiavelli discusses the requirements for the birth and maintenance of a new monarch. For the birth of the new monarch, moral priority is not desirable. Only those who dare to confront fate and win the favor of the goddess of fate, accord with the requirement of inevitability and combine opportunity and ability closely can be promoted from cloth clothes to a new monarch. To maintain the new monarchy, the monarch must follow the example of lions and foxes, rely on the law and civil armies, and reject religious power. Through the above interpretation, this paper believes that, through Machiavelli's political ideas, we can find that Machiavelli is not just a former courtiers who were servile and servile in order to be taken into the house, as he said on the surface of the Monarch. It is a mentor who understands the nature of the monarch and the populace, far more intelligent than the reigning monarch, and the real object of this book is not Lorenzo Medici, but a potential new monarch. Machiavelli tried to subvert, teach and even create new methods and order in the field of moral right and wrong. In this sense, Machiavelli was the founder of the new order and the founder of the liberation of Italy. This paper also argues that Machiavelli subverted classical political philosophy in a very obscure way. From the example of Philippo and his friends discussing how to capture the hills, we can see that the sword of Machiavelli refers to the ancient Greek philosophical tradition and ascribes the ideological obstacle to the unity of Italy to the classical philosophical tradition. From beginning to end, he demonstrated the importance of blasphemy to the birth and maintenance of a new monarchy, and even abandoned the restrictive conditions of the dictators in classical political philosophy and shaped an evil new monarch. Thus, by evading the soul, the classical political philosophy was drawn to the "man" in the way of how the human being, especially the new monarch, became outstanding.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

【引证文献】