哈耶克政治哲学视野下的自由观

发布时间：2018-05-14 22:31

本文选题：哈耶克 + 政治哲学　；参考：《西北师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：自由观的讨论，是近现代西方政治哲学中的重要命题，也是哈耶克的思想中的重要组成部分。所以本文将在政治哲学的语境里，对哈耶克的自由观展开探讨。首先，哈耶克的自由观承袭了自由主义的传统，他强调的自由是个人自由。自由概念的内涵很丰富，从内心的自由到行动自由、从个人自由到社会自由、从经济自由到政治自由，经历了漫长且逐渐深入的认识过程。在此过程中，哈耶克发现人们对自由的理解十分混乱。在哈耶克看来，个人自由不同于政治自由、内在自由和能力自由。自由的概念具备了否定性、社会性、规则性、抽象性、不可转让性、相对性六个鲜明的特点，这为我们认识自由这一人类核心价值原则提供了重要的启示。由此，自由的价值也就随之体现了出来，它主要体现了人的主观能动性的充分发挥。其次，“无知”论是哈耶克自由理论之哲学基础，，相对于知识的总量和知识的增长以及他人的行动所依凭的知识而言，个人处于无知的状态。无视这些“无知”的事实，建构论者试图用细致的计划指导人之行动显然是缺乏科学性和可行性的，这些设计人类未来的宏大愿望有可能为人类带来灾难。哈耶克的无知观是他进行理论创作的知识论基石。因为“无知”，哈耶克把不需要外力施压的社会秩序称为自生自发的社会秩序。“无知”的提出还有可能使理性有限的观念具有真实的意义。自生自发秩序是一种个人按照自己的知识，自由追求自己利益的秩序，而且人类的理性又是有限的。所以，这就要求政府的功能既能采取措施使个人的机会平等，又不至于控制个人的行动，显然，政府的权力应该受到限制。这些观点正体现了哈耶克自由的限度。最后，哈耶克的自由观以自发性自由为特征，这种观点是对理性的贬低。自由的实现离不开对理性的合理把握，理性是实现自由的阶梯。凭借理性获得的系统知识是有限的，这是个人自由的认识论基础。人类在知识上的有限性并不意味着人的自由受到了束缚。这种理性观构成了哈耶克理论体系最为重要的知识论基础，在此基础上，哈耶克展开了反对建构主义和尊重自发秩序这两个重要理论观点。哈耶克的自由观有着重大的参考价值和借鉴意义，我们应该对此进行认真的研究和借鉴。
[Abstract]:The discussion of the concept of freedom is an important proposition in modern western political philosophy and an important part of Hayek's thought. Therefore, in the context of political philosophy, this paper will explore Hayek's view of freedom. First of all, Hayek's view of freedom inherited the tradition of liberalism, he emphasized the freedom of the individual. The concept of freedom is rich in connotation, from the freedom of heart to freedom of action, from individual freedom to social freedom, from economic freedom to political freedom, has experienced a long and gradually in-depth process of understanding. In the process, Hayek found that people's understanding of freedom is very confusing. In Hayek's view, personal freedom is different from political freedom, inner freedom and ability freedom. The concept of freedom has six distinct characteristics: negativity, sociality, regularity, abstraction, non-transferability and relativity, which provides important enlightenment for us to understand the principle of freedom as the core value of mankind. As a result, the value of freedom is reflected, it mainly reflects the full play of human initiative. Secondly, the theory of "ignorance" is the philosophical basis of Hayek's theory of freedom, and the individual is in a state of ignorance relative to the amount of knowledge and the growth of knowledge and the knowledge on which the actions of others depend. Ignoring these "ignorance" facts, constructivism's attempt to guide human actions with detailed plans is obviously not scientific and feasible, and these grand aspirations for designing human future may bring disaster to mankind. Hayek's view of ignorance is the cornerstone of his theory of knowledge. Because of ignorance, Hayek calls a social order that does not require external pressure to be spontaneous. The proposition of "ignorance" may also make the idea of limited reason have real significance. Spontaneous order is an order in which individuals pursue their own interests freely according to their own knowledge, and human rationality is limited. Therefore, this requires that the function of the government can take measures to make the opportunity of the individual equal without controlling the action of the individual. Obviously, the power of the government should be restricted. These views reflect the limits of Hayek's freedom. Finally, Hayek's view of freedom is characterized by spontaneous freedom, which belittles reason. The realization of freedom is inseparable from the rational grasp of reason, which is the ladder to realize freedom. The systematic knowledge acquired by reason is limited, which is the epistemological basis of individual freedom. The limitation of human knowledge does not mean that human freedom is restricted. This view of rationality constitutes the most important theoretical basis of Hayek's theory system, and on this basis, Hayek develops two important theoretical viewpoints of opposing constructivism and respecting spontaneous order. Hayek's view of freedom has great reference value and significance, we should study it carefully.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09

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