傅山的政治伦理思想

发布时间：2018-05-18 09:40

本文选题：傅山 + 政治伦理　；参考：《山西大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 明末清初延续了两千多年的中国封建君主集权专制达到了登峰造极的地步。身处其时的仁人志士从不同角度对封建君主专制及封建礼教进行了激烈的批判和反抗。在这些仁人志士中尤其以李贽、黄宗羲、顾炎武为代表,傅山也是其中之一。傅山在其不屈不挠反抗斗争中,在激烈的批判封建专制中,形成了自己的“异端风骨”,影响了后世。 20世纪80年代以来,国内外学界对傅山进行了多方位的研究。涉及医学,书法,佛教,道教等领域,但在思想方面的文献整理和出版较少,主要集中在山西大学魏宗禹先生的一系列作品中。而且多从社会学和政治学的层面解读,从伦理学的视角去研究的凤毛麟角。有鉴于此,作者尝试从伦理学领域研究的角度出发,深入探悉傅山思想中蕴涵的政治伦理思想,系统阐述其历史背景、理论渊源与主要内容,以期对当今社会有所启示。傅山思想体系中所体现的追求自由,平等,重视下层,肯定民“私”与个人利益等积极因素,对于党和政府正在努力构筑的政治伦理观——“以人为本、立党为公、执政为民”,具有重要的借鉴意义。笔者正是由此产生了研究这一课题的浓厚兴趣。明清时期的时代特征使得傅山政治伦理思想的产生带有了浓厚的历史烙印,有其宽广的历史背景和深厚的理论基础。中国商品经济开始出现萌芽,经济的发展要求政治上的有力支持,而封建专制和高度集权的政治体制和观念却严重制约商品经济的发展,代表先进生产力的市民阶层提出了反对封建剥削的经济政治要求,在文化领域不断涌现出批判君主专制主义,反对理学伦理思想的思潮,傅山政治伦理思想的产生是受其所处的政治、经济、文化背景所影响的。傅山在博览全书,深入研究诸子百家的基础上,形成了其“有无统一”的朴素唯物唯物主义气一元论。“人天役物”的天道思想和“气在理先”的理气思想,这些哲学思想奠定了傅山思想体系的宇宙观基础。傅山政治伦理思想的主要内容包括：“性之自为”的自然人性论。傅山以其气一元论的理气观推演出人性的自然,天赋,讴歌个体的本真,直率,反对奴性和奴俗气。“人欲合理”的理欲观。傅山举“反常之论”猛烈抨击理学的禁欲主义,大胆提出人欲天然合理的理欲观。“恶中有理”的政治伦理善恶观。傅山认为,理也有善恶之分。并认为善与恶是相互转化的,在某种程度上的恶在社会发展中起到了推动社会发展的作用,这也就是恶中有理。“礼”随“世”“丧”的反对旧礼教的政治伦理主张。傅山认为由于社会历史在发展,伦理观也在变化着,因而不可能有永恒的礼存在,所以“世丧礼”也是必然的。并对“三纲”进行了犀利的批判。“平等”、“爱众”的新民思想。傅山反对专制,提倡君民平等,大人与小人平等。从平等的思想出发,傅山提倡“爱众”,具有反封建的民主主义的思想特征。傅山的政治伦理思想对我国构筑社会主义政治伦理观具有重要的借鉴意义。他肯定“人欲天然合理”,“承认民私”、“工商皆本”的民本思想,“非其君”“非王侯”,“不事之”的君民平等伦理观,为我国树立“以人为本”的执政理念,对于加强社会主义民主监督,保障和改善民生等方面奠定了丰富的思想基础。研究傅山的政治伦理思想对于构建以人为本的执政观、构建重视民生、和谐发展的社会主义建设具有非常重要的指导意义。本文采用的研究方法主要包括：文献的方法,主要对傅山的原著及相关文献进行深入研究阅读；比较分析的方法,梳理传统政治伦理思想,纵向上与傅山的政治伦理思想进行比较,横向上将傅山的政治伦理思想与明清时代民主思想进行比较,从而进行细致研究。
[Abstract]:In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, the feudal monarchy, which lasted for more than two thousand years, reached the peak of the feudal monarchy and totalitarianism. In his time, the people of lofty ideals and the feudal monarchy and feudal ethics were critically criticized and resisted. Among these people, especially Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi and Gu Yanwu, Fu Shan was also one of them. First, Fu Shan in his indomitable struggle against resistance, in the fierce criticism of feudal autocracy, formed his own "heresy", affecting the later generations.
Since 1980s, the scholars at home and abroad have carried out a variety of studies on Fu Shan, involving medicine, calligraphy, Buddhism, Taoism and other fields. However, there are few literature collation and publication in thought, mainly in a series of works of Mr. Wei Zongyu of Shanxi University, and from the perspective of Sociology and politics, from the view of ethics. The horns are rare to study.
In view of this, the author tries to probe into the political and ethical ideas contained in Fu Shan's thought from the perspective of the field of ethics, and systematically elaborate its historical background, theoretical origin and main content, with a view to enlightening today's society.
The pursuit of freedom, equality, lower level, affirmation of the "private" and personal interests of the people in Fu Shan's ideology has an important reference significance to the political ethics that the party and the government are trying to build - "people oriented, the party for the public and the people for the people". Be very interested.
The characteristics of the times of the Ming and Qing Dynasties made the formation of Fu Shan's political and ethical ideas with a strong historical brand, a broad historical background and a profound theoretical basis. China's commodity economy began to germinate, and the economic development required strong political support, while the feudal autocratic and highly centralized political system and concept were seriously made. About the development of the commodity economy, the citizen stratum representing the advanced productive forces put forward the economic and political demands against the feudal exploitation. In the cultural field, it emerges constantly to criticize the monarchy and oppose the ethical thought of science. Fu Shan's political ethics thought is influenced by the political, economic and cultural background of Fu Shanzai. On the basis of a thorough study of the books and all the hundreds of families, it has formed the monism of the simple materialist materialism of "without unity". The philosophy of heaven and the thought of "Qi in the first", which laid the foundation of the cosmic view of the Fu Shan thought system.
The main contents of Fu Shan's political and ethical thoughts include: "the nature of nature". Fu Shan pushes the nature of human nature, gifted, eulogize the true nature of the individual, bluntly, against slavery and slavery. "Human desire is reasonable". Fu Shanju's "paradoxical theory" violently attacks the asceticism of science. It is bold to put forward a natural and rational view of physical desire. "Evil is rational", the political ethics of good and evil. Fu Shan believes that there is a good and evil point. And it is thought that good and evil are mutually transformed, and the evil in some degree plays the role of promoting social development in social development, which is also the reason of evil in the "funeral". According to the political ethics of the old etiquette, Fu Shan believes that because of the development of the social history and the change of ethics, it is impossible to have eternal rites, so the "funeral ceremony" is inevitable. Equality between man and villain. Starting from the idea of equality, Fu Shan advocates "loving the crowd" and has the ideological characteristics of anti feudal democracy.
Fu Shan's political ethics thought has important reference significance for building our country's socialist political ethics. He affirms the "people's desire for natural rationality", "recognition of people and private", "civil and commercial", "non king", "non Princes", "no matter", "people based" and "people-oriented" in power for our country. The idea has laid a rich ideological foundation for strengthening socialist democratic supervision, ensuring and improving people's livelihood. The study of Fu Shan's political and ethical ideas is of great guiding significance to the construction of a people-oriented concept of governance and the construction of a socialist construction that attaches importance to the people's livelihood and harmonious development.
The methods used in this paper mainly include the methods of literature, mainly studying the original works of Fu Shan and related literature, comparing and analyzing the traditional political ethics thought, comparing with the political ethics of Fu Shan in the longitudinal direction, and transversely affecting Fu Shan's political and ethical ideas and the democratic thought of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A comparison is made to make a careful study.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D092

【参考文献】