论洪堡政治思想的反自由主义倾向

发布时间：2018-05-18 17:58

本文选题：洪堡 + 自我发展　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：虽然洪堡普遍被认为是有别于德国主流政治思想的自由主义特例,但是对洪堡理论特色、洪堡政治思想与传统德国政治体系及与自由主义的关系等问题上,学术界未形成一致论断。为此,本文意在以对洪堡的自由主义审视为视角,探查其政治思想的理想特色和现实成分。文章主要由三部分构成:首先,通过还原洪堡思考的宏观现实及理论背景,梳理其思想出发点和他所面临的相关问题;其次,以《论国家行动的界限》一书为根据,通过详细挖掘“个性”、“自由”和“国家”三大重要政治性概念,并对其中的内部关系进行简单分析比较,初步还原洪堡政治思想体系的表象轮廓;最后,通过对洪堡自身实践与理论的对比以及其理论本身内部“混乱”的揭示,找到对洪堡思想体系深度剖析的入口,从而从自由主义的视角对洪堡的政治思想进行准确定位,展现其“自由”观念的另一种走向。受开明绝对主义政治、德国长期的国家主义传统、洪堡所处的“革命与启蒙”年代以及洪堡自身性格特性等因素影响,洪堡讨论国家理论时将“个性”和“自我发展”(Bildung)作为国家理论的逻辑起点,将其定位为人的价值、本性、以及一种最终指向理智状态的崇高目的,并成为探讨其他概念理论的前提与终极目标。尽管洪堡认为自由对于人的目的、独特性以及自主等都有着不可替代的作用,但他对“自由”概念的探讨始终比较混乱:自由既包含从人际关系角度而言的安全无虞状态,又有一种“免于…”式消极意义上的自由观,同时又强调一种精神自由的能力;对于自由之实现,洪堡认为安全是最重要的条件,而安全本身又由“道德感”和“平等感”促成。洪堡“以单一的人及其最高的最终目的为出发点”将国家行动的范围仅仅限定在维护“安全”上,但是一方面洪堡在其成书后的从政实践中似乎在自食其言;另一方面,洪堡理论中战争与安全的悖论、拒绝国家的可操作性、截然相反的两种自然观,以及洪堡在书中所展现的价值观塑造企图等都暗示了其政治思想体系本身的张力及双重逻辑:从理想层面来看,国家应该坚决遵守“安全”原则,远离民众生活;但从现实的种种启示来看,当个体的人在国家权力滥用之下沦为工具、法国大革命对“纯粹理性”原则的运用陷于失败后,洪堡开始放弃制度纠偏的企图,转向意识革命。最后,洪堡的世界观、认识论和历史观相互统一、自成系统,其自由观也呈现出另一种走向:当自由成为侧重于主观感知能力和资格,精神启蒙成为人人必经的通往自由之路,而国家和立法者恰好充当了提供自由“磨刀石”和启蒙导师的角色,为了“自我发展”与“个性培养”之故,自由走向了本身的对立面、与奴役的差别逐渐消逝,并危险地演变为无条件服从公共权威本身,以个体自由的视角审视,洪堡政治思想中的反自由因素也暴露无遗。
[Abstract]:Although Humboldt is generally considered to be a special case of liberalism that is different from the German mainstream political thought, there is no consensus on the characteristics of Humboldt's theory, the political thought of Humboldt and the traditional German political system and the liberalism. Therefore, this article is to explore the perspective of the liberalism of Humboldt. The article is composed of three parts: first, through the reduction of the macro reality and the theoretical background of Humboldt's thinking, the starting point of his thought and the related problems he faces are combed. Secondly, the "personality", "freedom" and "state" are excavated in detail based on the limit of the national action. "Home" three important political concepts, and the internal relations of the simple analysis and comparison, the initial restoration of Humboldt political ideological system outline; finally, through the comparison of Humboldt's own practice and theory and the theory itself "chaos" revealed, to find the deep analysis of the entrance to the Humboldt system, thus From the perspective of liberalism, he accurately positioned Humboldt's political thoughts and showed another trend of his concept of "freedom".
Influenced by the enlightened absolutism politics, the long nationalist tradition of Germany, the age of "revolution and Enlightenment" in Humboldt and the character of Humboldt, Humboldt discussed the theory of "personality" and "self development" (Bildung) as the logical starting point of the national theory and placed them in the value, nature, and the nature of the state. A lofty goal which finally points to the rational state and becomes the precondition and ultimate goal of exploring other concepts.
Although Humboldt believes that freedom has an irreplaceable role in human purposes, uniqueness and autonomy, his discussion of the concept of "freedom" is always confused: freedom includes the safe and secure state from the perspective of human relations, and a "exempt from the". In the negative sense of freedom, at the same time, it emphasizes the ability of spiritual freedom; in the realization of freedom, Humboldt believes that security is the most important condition, and security itself is promoted by "sense of morality" and "sense of equality".
Humboldt "starts with a single person and its ultimate goal" to limit the scope of national action only to the maintenance of "security", but on the one hand, Humboldt seems to be on its own in the political practice after his book. On the other hand, the paradox of war and security in Humboldt's Theory refuses the maneuverability of the state, and the opposite is the opposite. The two views of nature, as well as the attempt of Humboldt's values in the book, all suggest the tension and dual logic of the political ideology itself: from an ideal level, the state should firmly abide by the principle of "security" and stay away from the people's life, but from the practical implications of the abuse of the individual's power under state power. When the French Revolution failed in its application of the principle of "pure reason", Humboldt began to abandon the attempt to rectify the system and turn to the consciousness revolution.
Finally, Humboldt's world view, epistemology and historical view are unified, and their view of freedom presents another trend: when freedom becomes a subjective perception and qualification, spiritual enlightenment becomes the only one to The Freedom Trail, and the state and legislator serve as a free "grindstone" and a mentor. The role, for the sake of "self development" and "personality cultivation", freedom goes to the opposite side of itself, the difference from slavery is gradually disappearing, and it evolves dangerously into unconditional obedience to the public authority itself, and the anti freedom factors in Humboldt's political thought are also exposed in the perspective of individual freedom.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

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