诺齐克政治思想研究

发布时间：2018-05-21 09:01

本文选题：诺齐克 + 新古典自由主义　；参考：《广西师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：在西方当代政治思想发展中,罗尔斯与诺齐克是影响最大的两位政治哲学家。1971年,罗尔斯的《正义论》发表,引起了一大批政治哲学家的强烈探讨,诺齐克是其中最著名的一位。他所编著的《无政府、国家与乌托邦》一书对罗尔斯的《正义论》进行了强有力的批判。诺齐克的政治哲学思想是新古典自由主义的代表,他属于至上自由主义者,解读诺齐克的关键词则是权利,他认为正义意味着权利,而权利则是神圣不可侵犯的。本文分为五个大部分对诺齐克的政治哲学思想进行剖析和解读。第一部分,简介诺齐克的生平以及学术造诣。通过对诺齐克的生平介绍,了解诺齐克提出政治哲学理论的生活、时代背景以及所受影响。第二部分,介绍诺齐克在不同时期政治思想的形成与发展。他由最初的左翼支持者逐渐转变为自由主义者最后成为一名至上自由主义者,在此期间诺齐克受到了洛克的自然权利和财产观的影响并对其进行了继承,还受到了康德道义论的影响,更将道义论规范在“道德边际约束”的范围之内。第三部分,详述诺齐克的政治思想的主要内容。将其分为“至上自由主义”,“最弱意义上的国家”以及“持有正义”三大部分进行解读。第一,至上自由主义是诺齐克政治哲学思想的主线,其基础就是至高无上的个人权利。个人权利包括生命权,自由权和财产权。任何集体或政府都无权强制要求个人因社会,国家的利益来做出任何牺牲。第二,分析诺齐克“最弱意义上的国家”理论所产生的基础,核心理念以及产生过程。通过对这一国家理论的产生,内容的阐述,剖析诺齐克是如何通过规范国家,政府的职能,将其最弱化来坚决捍卫个人权利的。这其中包括个人所拥有的各种具体权利,特别是指洛克所说的生命权、自由权和财产权。诺齐克提出,权利是界限性的道德约束,而不是直接追求的行为目的。你必须服从权利的道德约束,但你不能把它当作目的加以追求。因此,以权利理论为基础,诺齐克提出的“最弱意义上的国家”理论,即解决三个问题：1、反驳无政府主义,证明“最弱意义上的国家”的产生是符合道德的,没有侵犯任何人的权利。2、证明“最弱意义上的国家”是功能最多的国家,比它功能更多的任何国家都是不道德的,都会侵犯人的权利。3、证明“最弱意义上的国家”同时也是乌托邦的,它拥有美好的前景。第三,阐述诺齐克“持有正义”理论的三大观点并将其与罗尔斯、德沃金的正义观进行比较。他的持有正义由三个论题组成：1、获取的正义原则,即持有的最初获得,或对无主物的获取。2、转让的正义原则,即持有从一个人到另一个人的转让。3、持有不正义的矫正原则,即对最初持有和转让中的不正义的矫正。如果一个人对其持有符合这三个正义原则,那么他对其持有就是有权利的。第四部分,对诺齐克政治思想进行评价。客观分析诺齐克政治哲学思想在理论上的合理性和局限性,在实践上的有效性与局限性。理论上来说,诺齐克坚决维护个人权利至高无上,以个人权利为主体来构建国家。他强调个人的主体发挥,反对罗尔斯提出的天赋差别需要靠分配来达到社会公正。但是,他却将个人权利过于绝对化,忽略了人在社会中的作用和会得到的利益。在实践上,诺齐克个人权利至上的观点唤醒了人们对自我权利意识的保护,市场经济需要国家减少过多的干预,保护个人自由竞争,这顺应了时代的发展。但是,诺齐克漠视平等价值在社会中的重要性,使个人与社会脱离,很多时候无法解决社会实体中存在的矛盾,这将会造成社会动荡。第五部分,得出诺齐克政治哲学思想对我国的启示。首先,唤醒我国公民的个人权利意识,使国家重视个人权利。其次,国家权力和职能不能无限扩大,需要转变政府职能,形成“小政府、大社会”的结构模式。最后,完善我国社会公正。根据“持有正义”三原则,保护个人应得的收入和财产,促进自由公平竞争,构建和谐社会。
[Abstract]:In the development of contemporary political thought in the west, Rawls and Nozick were the two most influential political philosophers in.1971, Rawls's "theory of justice" was published, and a large number of political philosophers were strongly discussed. Nozick was one of the most famous. He wrote "anarchy, state and utopias" to Rawls's theory of justice. Nozick's political philosophy is a representative of neo classical liberalism. He belongs to the supremacy liberalist. The key words of Nozick are rights. He thinks that justice means rights and rights are sacred and inviolable.
This article is divided into five parts to analyze and interpret Nozick's political philosophy.
In the first part, the life and academic attainments of Nozick are briefly introduced. Through the introduction of Nozick's life, Nozick's life, the background and the influence of his political philosophy theory are understood.
The second part introduces the formation and development of Nozick's political thoughts in different periods. He is gradually transformed from the original left-wing supporter to the liberalist and finally a supreme liberalist. During this period, Nozick was influenced by Rock's natural rights and property views and inherited it, and was also subject to Kant's moral theory. The influence of morality is more regulated by the theory of moral constraints.
The third part describes the main contents of Nozick's political thought, which is divided into "supreme liberalism", "the weakest state" and the three parts of "holding justice".
First, the supremacy liberalism is the main line of Nozick's political philosophy, which is based on the supreme individual rights. Individual rights include the right to life, freedom and property. No collective or government has the right to make any sacrifices to the individual because of the interests of the society and the state.
Second, analyze the foundation, the core idea and the production process of Nozick's "the weakest sense of state" theory. Through the production of the theory of this country and the exposition of the content, it analyzes how Nozick has the function of the state and the government to defend the individual rights by standardizing the state and the government. This includes the individual's own possession. A variety of specific rights, especially the right to life, freedom and property said by Rock. Nozick proposed that right is a boundary of moral constraints, not the purpose of direct pursuit. You must obey the moral constraints of rights, but you can not pursue it as a purpose. Therefore, based on the theory of rights, Nozick proposed " The weakest sense of state "theory" is the solution of three problems: 1, refuting anarchism, proving that the "weakest state" is produced in accordance with morality, without infringing on the rights of anyone.2, proving that "the weakest country" is the most functional country, and that any country with more functions is unethical. Violation of human rights.3 proves that "the weakest country" is utopia at the same time, and it has a bright future.
Third, it expounds the three views of Nozick's theory of "holding justice" and compares it with Rawls and Dworkin's view of justice. His holding justice consists of three topics: 1, the right to obtain justice, that is, the original acquisition of possession, or the right to obtain.2 without a subject, the transfer of justice, that is, to hold the transfer from one person to the other. Let.3 hold the principle of injustice, that is, the unjust correction of the initial possession and transfer. If a person holds them with these three principles of justice, then he has the right to hold it.
The fourth part, appraise Nozick's political thought. It objectively analyzes the rationality and limitation of Nozick's political philosophy in theory, the validity and limitation in practice. In theory, Nozick resolutely maintains the supreme right of individual rights and constructs the country with the main body of individual rights. He emphasizes that the individual's main body is exerting and against it. Rawls's talent difference needs to be distributed to achieve social justice. However, he overviews personal rights, neglects the role and benefits of human beings in society. In practice, the view of Nozick's personal rights first awakens the protection of the consciousness of self rights, and the market economy needs to be reduced by the state. There is a lot of intervention to protect individual free competition, which conforms to the development of the times. However, Nozick disregard the importance of equal value in society and disengage the individual from the society, and many times can not solve the contradictions in the social entity, which will cause social unrest.
The fifth part draws the inspiration of Nozick's political philosophy to our country. First, arouse the individual rights consciousness of our citizens and make the state pay attention to individual rights. Secondly, the state power and function can not be expanded indefinitely. It needs to change the government function and form the structure model of "small government and great society". Finally, to perfect our social justice. The three principle of "holding justice" protects the income and property deserved by individuals, promotes free and fair competition, and builds a harmonious society.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D091.5

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