走向大众文化：伯明翰学派的文化研究

发布时间：2018-06-08 08:33

本文选题：伯明翰学派 + CCCS　；参考：《南京大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：维多利亚时代中期,英国现代化进程向纵深推进,工人阶级的民主化诉求高涨。伦敦海德公园爆发了骚乱事件,马修·阿诺德视之为“无政府状态”的象征。他认为中产阶级文化的粗鄙和工人阶级的“无政府”倾向是现代机械与物质文明的后果,需要最优秀的文化树立适当的统一权威加以对抗。这初步建立了人文主义的精英文化观念。进入20世纪,英国商业化与大众化时代悄然来临,利维斯对以电影、广告等为代表的大众文化进行研究。他认为过去的“有机共同体”在现代机器文明下正在失落。因此,他建立了英国文学的“伟大传统”,并期望通过英语教育培养能鉴赏代表最高价值作品的少数人,以维护英国的文化传统。他们自己就是少数人中的一员。尽管深受利维斯“细读”方法的影响,出身于工人阶级的“奖学金男孩”雷蒙德·威廉斯与理查德·霍加特,根据自己的生活经验和成人教育实践,反驳了利维斯的精英文化观念。他们认为文化是平常的,是一种生活方式,精英文化只是其中的一种。他们进入学术界发出了工人阶级的声音。战后英国经济社会步入晚期资本主义阶段,政治、文化经历了深刻的变迁。伴随着文化的日益商业化、美国化,以反叛文化为标志的“文化革命”席卷而来。政治上,共识政治与国际共产主义运动的挫折,导致传统左翼政治空间丧失殆尽。以《新左派评论》为中心的新左派转而探讨文化问题,由于缺乏共同的纲领和实施空间,逐渐衰落。然而,学生运动、反越战运动以及后来的女性解放运动、反种族运动等新社会运动开辟了新的政治认同与斗争方式。在新一代新左派寻求大陆思想资源进行理论建设的情况下,参与新左派运动斯图亚特·霍尔加入了霍加特建立的伯明翰当代文化研究中心(CCCS)。中心得益于战后高等教育的扩张,致力于战后文化的跨学科研究。霍加特离开中心后,霍尔带领来自“边缘人群”并积极投身新社会运动的中心成员与学生,建立理论研讨小组,吸收以西方马克思主义为主的思想资源。中心成员延续新左派时期对文化与政治问题的思考,研究了现代大众消费和媒介方式,青年亚文化等领域,其学术成果发布在中心创办的蜡纸论文与《文化研究工作报告》上。此外,伯明翰中心与英国的《银幕》杂志等文化研究机构的学术交往、争鸣活跃。进入80年代后期,中心正式体制化并入文化研究系,并于2002年被关闭。但是文化研究在伯明翰中心的带动下扩散至全球特别是英语世界国家,获得了巨大影响。中心在开始阶段受威廉斯等人的文化主义观念影响,更为强调人类经验的能动性；随着阿尔都塞结构主义的引入,中心深受结构性分析影响,之后为葛兰西理论所调和。伯明翰学派对文化的理解由文化是什么推进到文化是怎样的,其重点在于分析文化内部意识形态等的运作方式。例如,青年亚文化的研究揭示了主导文化与从属文化的复杂张力,表明亚文化并不是一味地被操纵,有时是一种抵抗形式,当然,主导集团会通过教育等方式实施社会秩序的再生产。在研究论域方面,中心的女性和黑人成员相继反抗,推进了对自己所属群体的研究,争夺话语权,揭示主流社会对“边缘人群”的压迫。女性小组的研究表明,性别关系为意识形态所建构,这种形式的性别关系暗示了女性对男性的从属,对此,必须将通过父权资本主义所建构的女性主义意识形态放在与其被‘男性气质’所多元决定的关系中看待。种族研究则认为其长期被历史书写所忽视,认为种族主义意识形态渗透进国家机构之中,并在威权主义之下发生了转变。中心的研究论域随着时代发展不断产生新的切入点,发掘新的学术与政治问题。伯明翰学派对战后英国文化的研究推动了对大众文化的深入理解,使得人们更强烈地感知到大众时代的真正意义。总而言之,伯明翰学派是推动战后英国学术界转变的一大动力。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the times of Vitoria, the process of modernization in Britain was advanced and the demands of the democratization of the working class rose. The riots broke out in the Hyde Park in London. Matthew Arnold regarded it as the symbol of "anarchy". He believed that the vulgar culture of the middle class and the "anarchy" of the working class were modern mechanical and material texts. The consequences of it are the need for the best culture to set up appropriate unified authority to combat it. This has initially established the humanistic idea of elite culture. Into the twentieth Century, the era of commercialization and popularization of Britain came quietly, and Lewis studied the popular culture represented by films and advertisements. Under the civilization of modern machine civilization, he was losing. Therefore, he established the "great tradition" of English literature, and hoped to cultivate a few people who could appreciate the highest value works by English education in order to maintain the British cultural tradition. They were one of the few.
In spite of the influence of Lewis's "fine reading" method, Raymond Williams and Richard Hoart, born from the working class "scholarship boy", refute Lewis's elite cultural concept based on his own life experience and adult education practice. They believe that culture is common, a way of life, and a culture of elite only. One of them entered the academic circle and sent out the voice of the working class. After the war, the post-war British economic society entered the late stage of capitalism, political and cultural changes have undergone profound changes. With the growing commercialization of culture, the Americanization, the "Cultural Revolution" marked by the culture of rebellion. The setback of the productive movement led to the loss of the traditional left-wing political space. The new left group centered on the Neo leftist criticism turned to cultural issues and gradually declined because of the lack of common programme and space. However, the student movement, the anti Vietnam war movement and the subsequent women's liberation movement, the anti racial movement and other new social movements opened up. A new way of political identification and struggle.
In the context of the new generation of new leftists seeking continental ideological resources for theoretical construction, the new left movement, Stuart Holzer, joined the Bermingham Contemporary Cultural Research Center (CCCS) established by hhogart. The center benefited from the expansion of post-war higher education, devoted to the interdisciplinary study of post-war literature. After hhogt left the center, Holzer Leading members and students from the "marginal crowd" and actively participating in the new society movement, establish a theoretical research group and absorb the ideological resources of Western Marx doctrine. The central members continue to think about the cultural and political problems during the new leftist period, and study the fields of modern consumption and media, youth subculture, and so on. Its academic achievements were published in the center set up of the wax paper paper and the report on the work of cultural research. In addition, the academic association of the Bermingham center and the British Institute of cultural research, such as the silver screen magazine, was active. In the late 80s, the center was formally institutionalized into the cultural research department and closed in 2002. But the cultural research was in Bermingham. The spread of the center to the world, especially in the English speaking world, has had a great impact.
At the beginning, the center is influenced by the cultural concept of Williams and others, more emphasis on the activism of human experience; with the introduction of Al Du Jose structuralism, the center is deeply influenced by structural analysis, and then reconciled to the theory of Gramsci. Bermingham's understanding of culture from what is the culture to the culture is what it is. For example, the study of youth subculture reveals the complex tension between the dominant culture and the subordinate culture, indicating that subculture is not manipulated blindly, sometimes a form of resistance, of course, the leading group will carry out the reproduction of social order through teaching and education. In the domain, the women and the black members of the center have revolted, advancing the study of their own group, competing for the right to speak, and revealing the oppression of the "marginal crowd" by the mainstream society. The study of the female group shows that the gender relationship is constructed by ideology, and this form of sexual relationship implies that women are subordinate to men. The feminist ideology constructed by patriarchal capitalism is placed in the relationship of multiple decisions with its' masculinity '. Ethnicity is considered to be neglected by historical writing for a long time, considering that racist ideology penetrated into the state institutions and changed under authoritarianism. With the development of the era, new academic and political issues have been created, and the Bermingham school's study of post-war British culture promoted a deep understanding of the mass culture and made people more strongly aware of the real significance of the mass era. In a word, the Bermingham school has promoted the transition of post-war British academic circles. A great power.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：G0;D091

【参考文献】