西方契约论方法初探

发布时间：2018-07-03 06:54

本文选题：方法 + 契约论　；参考：《延边大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：西方契约论思想萌芽于古希腊智者派,伊壁鸠鲁最先明确表述“国家和法律为人们相互约定的产物”,但系统地将契约思想用于解释国家起源,进行政府合法性论证,乃至后来为道德规范和正义原则提供理论根据,却是始于近代西方资本主义上升时期提出的国家学说,即契约论。契约论被提出来说明社会和政治现实的原因很简单,当强制(强力或欺骗)、无政府均不能有效解决混乱、无序的人际交往关系时,始终以正义为主题的契约理论,展现给人们一种智慧的社会共存方式。契约论提出者普遍采用“分析—假设—演绎”逻辑推理方法和原子化个人主义方法,把政治论证从以往自然或神学论证范式中脱离出来,通过论证国家与法的形成起源于人们自愿转让自然权利而缔结契约,来说明政治权威、政治权利和义务的来源、条件等问题,其思想方法倡导的自由、平等、自制和互惠等现代性价值精神,在反封建专制斗争中起了进步作用。契约论在康德那里达到顶峰后,逐渐被温和的功利主义取代而归于沉寂,直到1971年罗尔斯在《正义论》中将契约论作为设计其体系、展现其正义观的基础,应用于论证指导社会基本结构建构的正义原则,契约论发展成为一种关注程序正义的去价值化方法。我国由于以往行政计划体制下的商品交易活动缺失,加之封建宗法等级体制传统下的家国观念浓厚,导致现代性市场经济社会建立过程中契约观念淡薄和契约实践落后。契约论方法作为人类长期社会生活实践形成的一种理想交往方式的主观表述,其在个人人格完整与共同体存续之间、自由与约束之间、公平与效率之间寻得了动人的解决方案。本文尝试通过对契约论方法基本内容的阐述,发掘契约论方法蕴含的对话、尊规、诚信、共赢、主权在民等现代性价值导向；通过对罗尔斯新契约论中契约论方法的抽象化应用的论述,概括契约论方法获得模式和建构功能,为我国制度设计提供有益的思路。总之,契约论方法无论是在西欧民族步入现代性社会之初,还是在多元价值重叠的今天,已然成为人类公共生活实践中不可或缺的现代性价值导向与制度建构模式。
[Abstract]:The western contractual thought originates from the ancient Greek Wise School. Epicurus first clearly stated that "the state and the law are the products of mutual agreement", but systematically used the contract thought to explain the origin of the country and to demonstrate the legitimacy of the government. The theory of contract, which was put forward in the rising period of western capitalism in modern times, even provided the theoretical basis for moral norms and principles of justice. Contract theory is proposed to explain the social and political reality of the reason is very simple, when coercion (force or deception), anarchy can not effectively solve the chaos, disorder of interpersonal relations, always with justice as the theme of the contract theory, Show people a wise way of social coexistence. "Analysis-hypothesis-deductive" logical reasoning and atomized individualism are widely used by the proponents of contract theory to separate political argumentation from the former natural or theological argumentation paradigm. By demonstrating that the formation of state and law originated from the voluntary transfer of natural rights by people and concluded contracts, to explain the political authority, the source of political rights and obligations, conditions and other issues, its ideological methods advocated freedom, equality, The spirit of modern values, such as self-control and reciprocity, played a progressive role in the struggle against feudal autocracy. After the peak of contract theory in Kant, it was gradually replaced by mild utilitarianism and fell silent. Until 1971, Rawls used contract theory as the basis of designing its system and showing its view of justice. Applying to the principles of justice that guide the construction of social basic structure, the theory of contract has developed into a devaluing method which focuses on procedural justice. Due to the absence of commodity trading activities under the former administrative planning system and the strong concept of family and country under the feudal patriarchal hierarchy system, the concept of contract is weak and the practice of contract is backward in the process of establishing a modern market economy society. As a subjective expression of an ideal way of communication formed by the practice of human long-term social life, contract theory has found a moving solution between individual personality integrity and community existence, freedom and constraint, and fairness and efficiency. This paper attempts to explore the modern value orientation of the contract theory method, such as dialogue, respect for rules, honesty, win-win, sovereignty in the people through the elaboration of the basic content of the contract theory method. In this paper, the abstract application of contract theory in Rawls's new contract theory is discussed, and the acquirement mode and constructive function of contract theory method are summarized, which provides a useful way of thinking for the system design of our country. In a word, the method of contract theory has become an indispensable modern value orientation and system construction mode in the practice of human public life, not only at the beginning of the western European nation entering into the modern society, but also in the multi-value overlapping today.
【学位授予单位】：延边大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

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