孟子“王道”思想探析

发布时间：2019-01-17 09:08

【摘要】：战国时期,七雄称霸,战事纷争,是中国历史上一个社会全面转型的激烈动荡时代。其社会意识也呈现出百家争鸣的态势,各派思想家活跃于政治舞台之上。孟子“王道”思想因时而起,它的产生,既有其时代背景,又有其思想渊源和理论基础。孟子处于社会转型的动荡时代。他在孔子以“仁”为核心的理论基础上,继承了孔子的思想,并以自身所处的道德发展、政治斗争及繁荣的学术文化为背景,依托性善论的心性基础,阐述了以“仁”为核心的“王道”思想,以实现儒家“经国家、定社稷、序民人、利后嗣”的宏图大志。孟子认为人心本善。所谓人心本善,就是指每个人都具有“不忍人之心”。“不忍人之心”就是别人处于危难之时的恻隐之心,就是同情心。以此为起点,人又生出“羞恶之心”、“恭敬之心”、“是非之心”。这仁义礼智的四心正是人们本就具有的良知良能,从这点出发,国家推行仁政就有了普遍的人性基础。君主去探索这四心,以君主自己的“不忍人之心”推行“不忍人之政”就是“仁政”。君主推行了“仁政”就能够获得万民的拥戴,实现“保民而王”,然后,统一天下。推行“仁政”、“王道”成为孟子的治国理念。《孟子?梁惠王上》篇中,首次提到“王道”。孟子的“王道”思想,虽然建立在人性本善的基础上,但是,具体构建则多依于古之先王。先王思想既是孟子“王道”思想构建的基础,又是孟子论证自己学说的手段和途径。“王道”是对先王之道的进一步发展和总结。孟子认为“王道”开始于百姓对于生、养、死、葬都没有什么不满之时,是通过用道德力量来统一天下的“王”道。“王道”思想的核心是以“仁政”治国,是一切为百姓的生活安定而努力,具体包括以德化民、尊贤使能、以民为本的思想。其中,以民为本的思想中还包含着“制民恒产”、“轻徭薄赋”、“轻刑罚与救济穷人”等具体方面。并且孟子认为君主是都是可以施行仁政的,可以由近及远地把恩惠推广开去,以安定天上。孟子希望能够把“王道”作为当世之君的治国之纲,从而构建其所设想的政治理想国,这便形成了“王道”的理想政治范式。孟子身兼三统的王道理想范式是希望通过法先王把当时的君主引入他所构建的政治理想中,他对诸侯宣传古之明君,其实质是希望把现实中不符合“王道”思想的君主们,改造成为符合儒家“仁政”思想的政治道德理论上的圣人,最终通过这些君主实现天下“王道”。
[Abstract]:During the warring States period, Qixiong dominated and fought disputes, which was a turbulent period of social transformation in Chinese history. His social consciousness also showed the situation of a hundred schools of thought contending, various thinkers were active on the political stage. Mencius' thought of "king's way" arose from time to time. Mencius was in a turbulent period of social transformation. On the basis of Confucius' theory of "benevolence" as the core, he inherited the thought of Confucius and took his moral development, political struggle and prosperous academic culture as the background, relying on the psychological basis of the theory of sexual goodness. This paper expounds the thought of "king's way" with "benevolence" as the core, in order to realize the great goal of Confucianism "through the state, setting the country, ordering the people, and benefiting the heirs". Mencius believes that people are good. The so-called human heart is good, refers to each person has "can not bear the heart of people." Unbearable heart is compassion when others are in danger. It is compassion. Taking this as a starting point, people have created a heart of shyness, a heart of respect and a mind of right and wrong. The four hearts of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom are the virtue of conscience that people already have. From this point, the state carries out benevolent politics on the basis of universal humanity. The monarch goes to explore these four hearts, carries out "the intolerable government" with the monarch's own "cannot bear the human heart" is "the benevolent government". The monarch was able to win the support of all the people, to protect the people and the king, and then to unify the world. Carrying out "benevolent government" and "king's way" became Mencius' idea of governing the country. < Mencius? The first mention of Wang Dao is in the book "Wang Hui". Mencius' thought of "king's way" is based on the nature of humanity, but the concrete construction is mostly based on the ancient king. The thought of the forerunner is not only the foundation of Mencius' thought of "king's way", but also the means and way for Mencius to demonstrate his theory. Wang Dao is the further development and summary of the way of the first king. Mencius believed that the "king's way" began when the people were not dissatisfied with life, raising, death and burial, and it was the "king" way of unifying the world through moral power. The core of the thought of "king's way" is to rule the country by benevolence, which is to strive for the people's life and stability, including the idea of turning the people into virtue, respecting the good, and taking the people as the basis. Among them, the thought of taking people as the basis also contains such specific aspects as "controlling people's permanent property", "keeping taxes and taxes lightly", "light penalties and helping the poor" and so on. And Mencius believed that the monarch could carry out benevolence and spread grace from near to far to stabilize heaven. Mencius hoped to take the "king's way" as the principle of ruling the country of the ruler of the present world, and thus to construct the political idealism envisioned by Mencius, which formed the ideal political paradigm of the "king's way". Mencius' ideal paradigm of monarchy is to introduce the then monarch into the political ideal he constructed through the King before the law. The essence of his propaganda to the princes is the monarchs who do not conform to the thought of "the king" in reality. Transformed into a political and moral sage in accordance with Confucian "benevolent government" thought, and finally realized the "king" of the world through these monarchs.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D092

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