论当代自由主义中的权利平等

发布时间：2019-02-15 02:04

【摘要】： 当代自由主义呈现出流派纷呈,但内部和外部的批评和指责很多,其中权利和平等的关系是一个重要的主题。对于平等而言,符合当代自由主义的观念只能是权利的平等观念,而不是福利平等和结果平等。权利平等是指个人拥有作为一个人被平等对待的权利,不同权利之间在原则上是平等的,不同的生活方式之间也是平等的。结果的平等并不是权利平等的直接要求,因为最终结果涉及的权利的价值而不是权利本身。但权利的价值与个人能力有关,权利的平等所要求的只能是个人发展自身能力的平等机会。对结果状态的追求本质上是一种功利主义的考虑。而对资源和利益的平等之所以成为传统自由主义关注的一个问题,根本在于传统自由主义将占有性个人主义作为自己的哲学基础。占有性个人主义将个人的权利视为对自己的人身和禀赋的排他性占有,进一步涉及到对私有财产和特定资源的占有神圣不可侵犯。如果我们变占有性个人主义为合作的个人主义,那么我们可以实现权利和平等之间的和谐,一种权利的平等。合作的个人主义将禀赋、资源和利益看作是合作的结果,把平等看作是人与人之间的一种关系的建构。从合作的个人主义出发,我们重新思考关于利益、资源和机会的分配问题就会有不同。作为合作体系的成员,每一个人都在地位上应得到平等的尊重,都有获得合作所产生的利益的权利。机会是开放的,不同的生活方式之间是平等的,个人具有选择生活方式的权利,对任何特定生活方式的垄断都是不合法的。分配的正义只有从权利平等的立场才‘能得到正当性理由,而权利平等也只有在分配的正义当中去实现自我。权利的平等也才能够为平等——相同案例相同对待,不同案例不同对待——要求提供正当性说明,权利的平等要求了对分配对象的区别对待。而权利平等是一种制度建构的原则,也必须由制度加以保障。制度的建构是共识和磨合的结果,原则权利由制度得到确立成为具体的权利。生活方式和个人的希望所要求的权利只是一种背景性权利,而不是制度性权利。目前的问题其实并不是权利本身之间真的存在着什么冲突,而是制度建设的不健全导致资源和利益的分配不够正义。具体权利的冲突是不可避免的,但我们不可能有一个解决这一冲突的固定模式,或者说固定的模式正是产生权利冲突产生的一个原因。自由主义的制度建构所基的共识不是一次性的而是一个不断生产的过程,冲突的解决机制是在生活方式之上建立灵活的冲突解决机制。同时基于权利平等的原则,对权利的限制也是必要的。背景权利必须得到公共理论的认同和接受。对权利的限制也只是对权利的实现的限制而不是对权利本身的限制。
[Abstract]:There are various schools of contemporary liberalism, but there are a lot of criticism and criticism from inside and outside, in which the relationship between rights and equality is an important subject. For equality, the concept that accords with contemporary liberalism can only be the concept of equality of rights, not equality of welfare and result. Equality of rights means that individuals have the right to be treated equally as a person. Different rights are equal in principle and different ways of life are equal. Equality of results is not a direct demand for equality of rights, because the end result involves the value of the right rather than the right itself. But the value of rights is related to individual ability, and equality of rights requires only equal opportunities for individuals to develop their own abilities. The pursuit of the result state is essentially a utilitarian consideration. The reason why equality of resources and interests becomes a concern of traditional liberalism lies in the fact that traditional liberalism regards possessive individualism as its philosophical basis. Possessive individualism regards individual rights as exclusive possession of one's own person and endowment, and further involves the sacredness and inviolability of possession of private property and specific resources. If we turn possession individualism into cooperative individualism, then we can achieve the harmony between rights and equality, an equality of rights. The individualism of cooperation regards endowment, resources and interests as the result of cooperation and equality as the construction of a relationship between people. From the individualism of cooperation, we rethink the distribution of interests, resources, and opportunities. As a member of the cooperation system, everyone deserves equal respect in status and has the right to benefit from cooperation. Opportunities are open, different lifestyles are equal, individuals have the right to choose a way of life, and monopoly of any particular way of life is illegal. The justice of distribution can only be justified from the standpoint of equality of rights, and equality of rights can only realize self in the justice of distribution. The equality of rights can also provide justification for equality-the same treatment in the same case, the different treatment in different cases-and the equality of rights requires the different treatment of the object of distribution. The equality of rights is a principle of system construction and must be guaranteed by system. The construction of system is the result of consensus and run-in, and the principle right is established from institution to concrete right. The rights demanded by lifestyle and individual hope are only a background right, not an institutional right. The current problem is not that there is any conflict between the rights themselves, but that the imperfect construction of the system leads to the inadequate distribution of resources and benefits. The conflict of specific rights is inevitable, but it is impossible for us to have a fixed mode to resolve the conflict, or a fixed mode is one of the reasons for the conflict of rights. The consensus based on the system construction of liberalism is not a one-off but a process of continuous production. The conflict resolution mechanism is to establish a flexible conflict resolution mechanism on the basis of the way of life. At the same time, based on the principle of equality of rights, the restriction of rights is also necessary. Background rights must be recognized and accepted by public theory. The restriction of the right is only the restriction of the realization of the right, not the restriction of the right itself.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

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