共同体与罗尔斯正义观

发布时间：2019-02-15 10:44

【摘要】：1971年，哈佛大学哲学系教授罗尔斯出版了《正义论》，使得新自由主义思潮一度成为20世纪70年代西方的主流学术思潮。作为建立在社会契约理论基础上的、该书迅速成为哲学界、伦理学界、政治学界、法学界等诸多领域的主要讨论话题之一。在该书中，罗尔斯继承了传统的自由主义思想，特别是社会契约论思想，以个人权利为核心建构起权利正义论或称社会正义论。他提出，“正义是社会制度的首要价值，，正像真理是思想体系的首要价值一样”。社群主义者对罗尔斯的正义论进行了猛烈的批判。社群主义的批判因其看法与视角的独特而颇受人们的关注。甚至有学者认为，到了20世纪90年代，在西方学术界俨然形成了自由主义和社群主义同时对立的两大主流思潮阵营。因此，对社群主义批判罗尔斯正义论的理论与方法进行详细的考证显得更具有理论意义和实践意义了。全文介绍了社群主义产生的、思想理论前提以及共同体的定义。又从社群主义与自我，普遍主义以及个人与正义的争议几个方面进行论述。最后介绍了社群主义对罗尔斯正义观的批判反思。罗尔斯认为权利优先于善，个人权利是正义的价值取向；而社群主义建构的善优先于权利的观念，强调个人权利必须在共同体中去实现。并强调公益作为共同体的终极关怀。最后解读与社群主义政治哲学对当代的影响。
[Abstract]:In 1971, John Rawls, a professor of philosophy at Harvard University, published the Theory of Justice, which made neoliberalism a mainstream academic trend in the 1970s in the West. Based on the theory of social contract, the book has rapidly become one of the main topics of discussion in philosophy, ethics, political science, law and so on. In the book, Rawls inherits the traditional liberalism thought, especially the social contract thought, constructs the right justice theory or the social justice theory with the individual right as the core. "Justice is the primary value of the social system, just as truth is the primary value of the ideological system," he said. Communitarians criticized Rawls's theory of justice violently. The criticism of communitarianism has attracted much attention because of its unique views and perspectives. Some scholars even think that by the 1990s, the two main ideological camps of liberalism and communitarianism had been formed in the western academic circles at the same time. Therefore, the detailed textual research on the theory and method of communitarianism criticizing Rawls's theory of justice is of theoretical and practical significance. This paper introduces the emergence of communitarianism, the premise of ideological theory and the definition of community. It also discusses communitarianism and ego, universalism and the controversy between individual and justice. Finally, it introduces the critical reflection of communitarianism on Rawls' view of justice. Rawls thinks that right takes precedence over good, and individual right is the value orientation of justice, while communitarianism constructs the idea that good takes precedence over right, which emphasizes that individual right must be realized in community. And emphasize the public welfare as the ultimate concern of the community. Finally, it explains the influence of communitarianism political philosophy on contemporary society.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09

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