秦汉邮驿制度研究

发布时间：2018-09-08 16:24

【摘要】：秦汉邮驿制度虽承袭自春秋战国,却表现出与先秦迥异之特征。春秋战国,五霸七雄争战不断,情报、书信往来频繁,对通讯之时效性与保密性要求极高,由此各国皆重视邮驿建设。此阶段邮驿制度发展迅速,却因分裂割据,彼此规制不同、名称繁多。秦朝一统天下,制度整齐划一,邮驿制度亦然。秦异常强大之政治统摄力与执行力,促使形态完备之邮驿制度通行全国。由此,中央政令得以传达至最偏远之烽塞边郡,基层情况亦可及时上闻。秦汉邮驿形制基本定型,奠定中国千年邮驿制度之基础,以后历代皆沿用并损益之。首先,秦汉邮驿机构设置及其关系问题。秦汉邮驿机构以邮、传、驿、置、亭五种为主,按其规模与功能可分为三类,邮为一,传、驿、置为一,亭为一；按其行书路线可分为二,邮、亭为一,传、驿、置为一。传、驿与置,一般设于县,三十里一设,主要用车马传递,规模较邮、亭为大。亭一般设于乡,仅有部分亭负责邮驿之事。两汉前后四百余年,邮驿机构设置及其功能并非一成不变。“汉改邮为置”,置为置传驿之所,置与邮之关系、置于秦汉邮驿系统之地位及其发展脉络仍需进一步探讨。其次,秦汉邮驿传送方式及其相关问题。据本文研究,“以邮行”、“以亭行”、“以邮亭行”、“以次行”、“以次传”、“以次传行”、“以县次传”、“以道次传”、“燧次行”、“亭次行”等多种传送方式,终可归结为两种形式：“以邮行”与“以次传”。“以邮行”与“以亭行”、“以邮亭行”方式相类,而“以次行”、“以次传”、“以县次传”、“以道次传”、“燧次行”、“亭次行”等方式一致。“以邮行”之传递方式为：依照一定次序进行,经过专门机构“邮”,由专职人员“邮人”传送。“以次传”之传递方式为：依照一定次序于县、道、燧、亭中按顺序依次传阅,中间所经各地均需认真查阅文书内容,查阅完后及时发往下一目的地。另外,按传递工具可将传送方式分为步递、车递、马递及船递四种。步递较慢,负责短距离传送。车递与马递适合远距离传送。船递多见于滨河滨溪处,常水路、陆路并用。再次,邮驿人员及邮驿管理措施诸问题。邮驿管理人员分中央、郡县、亭置诸层次加以讨论。邮驿程限具有地区性差异,且与所用交通工具相关,但对邮人之考核皆异常严苛,“不中程”、“失期”等皆需受罚。邮人地位低下,常需夜以继日递送文书,邮人职责主要为保证邮书递送之时效性、完整性与安全性。封检题署、邮书剌、“寄去”“以来”记录皆为邮书核验之关键性措施。秦汉邮驿诸机构相互协作,传递方式多样,各级管理人员分工明确,对邮书递送过程之不同环节施以监督检查,以程限对邮人加以考核,促使秦汉邮驿高效平稳运作。
[Abstract]:Although the post system of Qin and Han dynasties was inherited from the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period, it was different from the pre-Qin Dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn period and warring States, the five tyrants and seven heroes were constantly fighting, the information and correspondence were frequent, and the requirements of timeliness and confidentiality of communication were very high, so all countries attached importance to the construction of postal post. At this stage the post-post system developed rapidly, but because of division, different rules and various names. Qin Dynasty dominates the world, the system is uniform, postal post system is the same. Qin's unusually strong political control and executive power prompted the well-formed postal post system to pass through the country. As a result, the central government order can be transmitted to the most remote county, the grass-roots situation can be heard in a timely manner. The postal post system of Qin and Han dynasties was basically finalized, which laid the foundation of China's millennia post system, which was followed by all the later dynasties. First of all, Qin and Han Dynasty post office setup and its relationship. According to its scale and function, it can be divided into three categories: one for mail, one for post, and one for kiosk; according to its line of writing, mail, pavilion is one, transmission, post, set as one. Pass, post and set, generally located in the county, 30 li a set, mainly with horses and horses transfer, larger than postal, kiosk. Kiosks are generally located in rural areas, only part of the booth is responsible for post-post affairs. For more than 400 years before and after the Han Dynasty, post-post organization and its functions were not fixed. It is necessary to further explore the status and development of postal post system in Qin and Han dynasties. Secondly, Qin and Han Dynasty post transmission mode and its related issues. According to the research of this paper, there are many transmission modes, such as "mail shop", "kiosk line", "postal kiosk shop", "secondary transmission line", "prefectural transmission", "Taoism preaching", "Suitsui line", "kiosk line" and so on. Finally, it can be summed up in two forms: the post office and the secondary biography. It is similar to "kiosk" and "postal kiosk", while "secondary", "county", "Taoism", "Sui sub-line", "pavilion secondary line" and so on are the same. The mode of delivery is: according to a certain order, through the special agency "mail", by full-time personnel "postal" transmission. The transmission mode of "secondary biography" is: according to a certain order in the county, road, Sui, pavilion in the order of circulation, the middle of all places need to carefully consult the contents of the document, and then send to the next destination. In addition, according to the means of transmission can be divided into four modes of delivery, car delivery, horse delivery and ship delivery. Slow delivery, responsible for short distance transmission. Vehicular delivery and horse delivery are suitable for long distance transmission. Ship delivery more in the riverside stream, often waterways, land use. Thirdly, post-post personnel and post-post management measures. Post-post management personnel are divided into central, county, kiosk to be discussed at all levels. There are regional differences in post travel limits, and they are related to the vehicles used, but the assessment of postmen is extremely strict, "no medium range" and "missing period" are all subject to penalty. The postman's status is low and he often needs to deliver the document day and night. The main duty of the postman is to ensure the timeliness, integrity and security of the mail delivery. The Seal Office, the Postal Office, and the record since "sent" are the key measures for the verification of postal documents. The organizations of Qin and Han Dynasty cooperate with each other and transmit in various ways. The managers at all levels divide the labor clearly, supervise and check the different links in the process of mail delivery, and check the postmen in order to make the postal post run efficiently and smoothly in the Qin and Han dynasties.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K232

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