秦汉至明清时期北部中国华夷观念演变的几个特点——兼论华夷观在华夷族群封贡体系中的地位

发布时间：2018-10-13 16:24

【摘要】：秦汉以后至明清,大中国范围内的华夷观念及其演变往往植根于华夷族群之间的体系性军力对抗及其分合消长,就族群之间战争对峙而言,其冲突频发的原因或者说动力带有明显的多元复合性,就长时段而言,华夷族群之间的和战又是华夷族群之间融合的推动力量,但无可否认的是,在族群融合、大中国政治共同体不断扩张的过程中,坚持本族群的主体地位是各历史时期华夷观念多向演化、华夷族群相互"本土化"融合的基本前提。在此基础上,华夷观在古代中国的演化规律大体呈现为两个层面:在第一层面,基于中原华夏族群与周边诸夷族群的地缘军事格局态势在较长时段内的大体固化,华夷观念在族群意识和王朝决策层面不外乎游移于融合—对峙的两端,在天下一统时华夷观念往往主动承应着政权管辖之下融合诸族、淡化畛域的功能使命,而在政权对峙期间修攘制御又向为华夷关系的主题。因此,无论和平交往时期还是政权对峙冲突时期,华夷观都能为调处华夏族群传统封贡体系内部以及华夷族群封贡体系之间的和战交往提供一个有力的理论框架和支点。在第二层面,基于华夷族群实力对比与控制边界在一定时段内的较大变动,不同族群之间的融合趋向也往往是"胡化"与"中国化"所在兼有,皆为族群势力本土化之表征,而绝非单向的"汉化"或"中国化"。华夷族群交相控制、统治中原的历史无形中也改变了华夷观念单向发展的历史轨迹,成为华夷诸族群在经历长期的纷争、对峙、隔阂逐步走向融合共生的助力。也正是基于上述两个层面,华夷观念奠定了它在大中国古代封贡体系发展、演化中的基础理论地位。
[Abstract]:From the Qin and Han dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the concept and evolution of Huayi in Greater China were often rooted in the systematic military confrontation between the Huayi ethnic groups, as well as their division and decline. As far as the confrontation between ethnic groups was concerned, The reason for the frequent conflict or the motive force is obviously multiple and complex. In the long run, the war between the Huayi ethnic groups is also the driving force for the integration of the Huayi ethnic groups, but there is no denying that in the integration of the ethnic groups, In the process of the continuous expansion of the political community of China, insisting on the dominant position of the ethnic group is the basic premise of the multi-direction evolution of the concept of the Chinese Yi in each historical period, and the integration of the "localization" of the ethnic group. On this basis, the evolution law of Huayi view in ancient China presents two levels: in the first level, based on the geo-military situation of the Central Plains ethnic group and the surrounding ethnic groups, the geo-military pattern of the Central Plains and the surrounding ethnic groups solidified in a relatively long period of time. At the level of ethnic consciousness and dynastic decision making, the concept of Huayi is no more than moving to the two ends of fusion-confrontation. When the world is unified, the idea of Huayi often takes the initiative to integrate the ethnic groups under the jurisdiction of the political power and downplay the functional mission of the domain. And in the regime during the confrontation, control and control to the theme of relations between China and Yi. Therefore, the view of Huayi can provide a powerful theoretical framework and fulcrum for the mediation of the traditional tribute sealing system of Chinese ethnic groups and the exchange of war between them during the period of peaceful communication or the conflict of political power. At the second level, based on the great changes of the power contrast and control boundary of the Huayi ethnic groups in a certain period of time, the fusion tendency between different ethnic groups is often both "Hu" and "Chinese", which are the characteristics of the localization of ethnic groups. However, it is not a one-way "Sinicization" or "Sinicization". The history of ruling the Central Plains changed the historical track of the one-way development of Huayi concept, and became the help of integration and symbiosis in the long history of disputes, confrontation and estrangement. Based on the above two levels, the concept of Huayi established its basic theoretical position in the development and evolution of the ancient Chinese tribute system.
【作者单位】：辽宁社会科学院《社会科学辑刊》编辑部;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目(12CZS027) 辽宁社会科学院2014年度重点课题项目辽宁省百千万人才工程资助项目(201534)
【分类号】：K207

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