汉末魏晋南北朝道教戒律规范研究

发布时间：2018-03-01 18:21

本文关键词： 道教戒律规范汉末魏晋南北朝儒家佛教　出处：《华中师范大学》2005年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文以汉末魏晋南北朝时期的道教戒律规范为研究对象。本文所使用的“戒律规范”乃是以戒、律为核心,涵摄了禁、科、格、清规、部分愿念、部分威仪等相关范畴在内的道教内部规范的总和。但由于本文以汉末魏晋南北朝时期为断,故于唐宋以后的格(功过格)和清规基本不予涉及,至于愿、念和威仪亦仅涉及其中极少的一部分,因而所讨论讨论的对象主要集中在禁、戒、律、科等四个方面。从逻辑上说,道教戒律规范的正式产生,只能在道教创立之后。东汉之末,太平道和五斗米道同时登上历史舞台,标志着道教的诞生;随着道教的创立,为了实现其宗教目的、保证教团组织的整肃和合、号召民众生信,戒律规范就应运而生了。但是,从历史渊源来看,道教戒律规范的源头却可以一直上溯到早期人类社会原始宗教的禁忌规定,其次先秦宗法性国家宗教的禁戒规范、世俗的国家政令形式也曾对其产生过重大的影响;它的直接前身是汉代儒家的谶纬神学的“天戒”,由谶纬神学的“天戒”演化而来的《太平经》“天诫”是其雏形,而五斗米道“道诫”的出现则标志着道教戒律规范的初步形成。从谶纬神学的“天戒”到《太平经》的“天诫”,再由《太平经》的“天诫”到五斗米道的“道诫”,这是道教戒律规范形成过程的三部曲。道教戒律规范形成以后在魏晋南北朝时期的发展状况如何?本文主要从以下四个方面进行了探讨: 首先,从经典文献的角度来看,通过对魏晋南北朝时期道教戒律规范经典文献的清懶,可以发现,道教戒律规范类经典在魏晋南北朝经历了从魏晋之际的缓慢积累到东晋南北朝时期的重大发展的演化过程。门阀士族的纷纷奉道造成了东晋南北朝道教的重大变革:一方面在原天师道内部掀起了一股清整和改革的热潮,另一方面新兴道派如雨后春笋般地大量涌现。为使道教向正统官方化转变,这些道派多以托神降经的方式造作了大批的戒律规范类经典,特别是上清、灵宝和三皇等新兴道派在这方面的成果十分丰硕,到南北朝中后期,奉持三洞经戒已逐渐成为了正在形成中的正统官方道教的重要特征。它们对中古道教戒律规范体系的缔构起着极其重要的作用,对后世道教产生了重大的影响。其次,从三教融合的角度来看,通过对道教戒律规范思想内容的具体分析,可以发现,这一时期道教戒律规范的重大发展在很大程度上归因于其对儒释道思想的融贯和吸收。魏晋南北朝时期,中国文化多元并峙、儒释道三者交融互摄的格局逐步形成。与之相一致,这一时期的道教戒律规范也明显表现出兼容并蓄的特点,不仅佛教的戒律和义理被大肆借鉴和融摄,儒家“三纲五常”等伦理道德观念、老庄道家诸如“清虚无为”、“守五神去五欲”以及玄学的一些
[Abstract]:This article takes the Taoist precepts of the late Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties as the research object. The "precepts" used in this paper are precepts and precepts as the core. The sum of the internal norms of Taoism, including some majesty and other related fields. However, because this article is broken by the period of Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, the figures (merits and merits) and the rules of Qing Dynasty after the Tang and Song dynasties are basically not involved. As for the wish, Therefore, the discussion focuses on four aspects: prohibition, precepts, discipline and discipline. Logically speaking, the formal birth of Taoist precepts can only take place after the founding of Taoism. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Taiping Dao and the Wudoumi Taoism appeared on the historical stage at the same time, marking the birth of Taoism; with the founding of Taoism, in order to achieve its religious purpose, In order to ensure the purge and harmony of the order organizations and call on the people to live up to their faith, the precepts came into being. However, from the historical origin, the origin of the Taoist precepts can be traced back to the taboo provisions of the primitive religions of the early human society. Secondly, the proscription norm of patriarchal state religion in Pre-Qin Dynasty, and the secular form of state decree had a great influence on it. Its direct predecessor is the "heavenly precepts" of the Confucian prophecy theology of the Han Dynasty, and its embryonic form is the Taiping Sutra, which evolved from the "Heaven's precepts" of the prophecy theology. The appearance of the Taoist precepts marks the initial formation of the Taoist precepts. From the divine precepts of prophecy theology to the heavenly commandments of Taiping Jing, from the Tianjie of Taiping Jing to the Taoist precepts of Wudou Taoism, This is the trilogy of the formation of Taoist precepts. What is the development of Taoist precepts in the period of Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties after the formation of Taoist precepts? This paper mainly discusses the following four aspects:. First of all, from the perspective of classical literature, through the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties Taoist precepts of the classical literature, we can find, In the Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties Taoist precepts experienced a major evolution from the slow accumulation of the period of Wei and Jin to the period of the Eastern Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties. Leather: on the one hand, there was an upsurge in cleanliness and reform within the original Tian Shi Dao. On the other hand, the new Taoist schools sprang up in large numbers. In order to make Taoism official, these Taoists created a large number of scriptures of precepts and norms, especially in the upper Qing Dynasty. The new Taoists, such as Lingbao and the three emperors, achieved very fruitful results in this respect, until the middle and late periods of the Southern and Northern dynasties. Adherence to the Sandong Sutra and precepts has gradually become an important feature of the official Taoist orthodoxy which plays an extremely important role in the formation of the norm system of the Middle Ancient Taoist precepts and exerts a great influence on the later Taoism. Secondly, from the perspective of the integration of the three religions, through the concrete analysis of the ideological content of Taoist precepts and norms, we can find that. In this period, the great development of Taoist precepts and norms was largely attributed to its integration and absorption of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, Chinese culture was plural. The pattern of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and Taoism intermingled with each other and gradually formed. In accordance with this pattern, the Taoist precepts of this period also obviously showed the characteristics of inclusiveness, not only the Buddhist precepts and the principles of righteousness were used for reference and assimilated. Confucian ethics and moral concepts, such as "three Compendium and five Chang", such as "empty and empty", "to follow the five gods to five desires" and metaphysics, and some of the metaphysics.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K235;B959.2

【引证文献】