多维视野中的福建祠神信仰研究
发布时间：2018-11-27 16:15
【摘要】：祠神信仰是民间信仰的核心内容,是一种以祠神为中心、有固定的场所(祠庙)和相对稳定的信众,仪式和活动与日常生活紧密联系的非制度化的全民信仰。它具有“崇德”与“报功”的双翼结构。福建祠神信仰具有悠久历史,至今仍是闽台两地民众现实生活的重要部分。 本文较为全面地梳理了方志等地方文献中关于祠神信仰的记载,特别注意使用笔记小说、传教士回忆录、竹枝词等边缘史料；综合运用历史学、宗教学、民俗学、人类学等学科理论和方法,分章论述了：福建祠神信仰的产生；巫觋、巫术与祠神信仰；厉鬼瘟神信仰的双重维度；特定人群的祠神信仰活动；祠神信仰与社会控制。在行文中,重点考察了祠神信仰与民众生活和社会控制的关系,并且将渊源与流变、普遍现象与个案研究有机统一,力求在多维视野中探寻祠神信仰的真实图景。 文章认为：一、福建祠神信仰的产生,既有自然和社会因素,又与其移民社会特征密切相关。在晚唐至宋的造神高潮中,外来祠神完成了本土化,本地祠神则具有世俗化的特点。二、巫觋与巫术在福建民众生活中长期处于重要地位。许多祠神、特别是女神,都由巫升转而来。在由巫至神的过程中,灵验传说与美德故事起到了重要作用。祠神信仰因其世俗化的特点,而与民众生活紧密联系。三、厉鬼瘟神信仰,是福建祠神信仰中与傩文化相关的特殊形态。福建民众对待厉鬼、孤魂的态度,经历了由仇到亲、由威到恩的变化,具有双重维度。以瘟神五帝信仰为中心的“出海”,其实质是一种驱逐瘟疫的傩祭。与普度类似,出海等迎神赛会也具有娱乐和经济功能。四、祠神信仰具有随意随俗的特点,主要表现在特定人群的崇拜对象和信仰行为往往是功利化的,但在有关祠神的灵验传说中,还是可以看到道德取向。而有违善良风俗的祠神信仰偶像,则传之不久。五、祈雨的实质是一种地方性传统,地方官员的祈雨实践,表达的是对这种传统的尊重。与普通民众相比,官员对于对祠神信仰的态度更为积极。作为个体的官员,自身对于祠神信仰活动的态度也存在差异。辅王化与毁淫祠是中国传统社会神道设教的两面,历史上官方毁禁淫祠常常流于徒劳。应当正确看待祠神信仰所具有的正面价值。在这一问题上,官方应当充分尊重民众的意愿,以教育和引导为主。
[Abstract]:The belief of temple and deity is the core content of folk belief. It is a kind of non-institutionalized national faith which is centered on the shrine and has a fixed place (temple) and relatively stable followers. The ceremony and activities are closely related to daily life. It has the double wing structure of "Chongde" and "reward merit". The worship of shrines in Fujian Province has a long history and is still an important part of the real life of the people in Fujian and Taiwan. This paper comprehensively combs the local documents such as local chronicles about the religious belief records, especially pays attention to the use of note-taking novels, missionaries memoirs, bamboo branch words and other marginal historical materials; By synthesizing the theories and methods of history, religion, folklore, anthropology and other subjects, this paper discusses the origin of Fujian's belief in shrines, witchcraft, witchcraft and shrine belief, and the double dimensions of the belief of Li and Ghost plague gods. The religious activities of certain groups of people; the belief in shrines and social control. In the article, the author focuses on the relationship between the belief in the temple and the people's life and social control, and organically unifies the origin and the change, the universal phenomenon and the case study, in order to explore the true picture of the belief in the temple and deity in the multi-dimensional view. The paper points out that: first, the origin of Fujian ancestral shrine belief has both natural and social factors, and is closely related to its immigrant social characteristics. In the climax of creating gods from the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the foreign shrines had been localized, while the local shrines had the characteristics of secularization. Second, witchcraft and witchcraft have been important in Fujian people's life for a long time. Many shrines, especially goddesses, have been transformed from witches. In the process from witchcraft to god, legend and virtue story played an important role. The belief of temple and deity is closely related to people's life because of its secularization. Third, the belief of Li Ghost plague is a special form related to Nuo culture. The attitude of Fujian people towards evil spirits and spirits has undergone changes from enmity to kinship and from Wei to en, with dual dimensions. The essence of "going to sea", centered on the belief of the five emperors, is a kind of exorcism to banish the plague. Similar to Pudu, the sea-going meeting also has entertainment and economic functions. Fourthly, the belief of temple and deity has the characteristic of following the common custom at will, mainly in the worship object and belief behavior of the specific crowd is often utilitarian, but we can still see the moral orientation in the legend about the temple god. And those who violate the custom of kind-hearted shrines and deities believe in idols, which are soon passed on. Fifthly, the essence of praying for rain is a kind of local tradition, and the local officials' practice of praying for rain expresses respect for this tradition. Compared with the general public, officials are more positive about their belief in shrines. As individual officials, there are also differences in their own attitude towards religious activities. The auxiliary king and the destruct of the obscenity shrine are the two sides of the Chinese traditional Shinto religion. In the history, the official destruct and ban the prostituted shrine is often futile. We should treat correctly the positive value of the belief in shrines and deities. On this issue, officials should fully respect the will of the people, mainly education and guidance.
【学位授予单位】：福建师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：B933
本文编号：2361417
[Abstract]:The belief of temple and deity is the core content of folk belief. It is a kind of non-institutionalized national faith which is centered on the shrine and has a fixed place (temple) and relatively stable followers. The ceremony and activities are closely related to daily life. It has the double wing structure of "Chongde" and "reward merit". The worship of shrines in Fujian Province has a long history and is still an important part of the real life of the people in Fujian and Taiwan. This paper comprehensively combs the local documents such as local chronicles about the religious belief records, especially pays attention to the use of note-taking novels, missionaries memoirs, bamboo branch words and other marginal historical materials; By synthesizing the theories and methods of history, religion, folklore, anthropology and other subjects, this paper discusses the origin of Fujian's belief in shrines, witchcraft, witchcraft and shrine belief, and the double dimensions of the belief of Li and Ghost plague gods. The religious activities of certain groups of people; the belief in shrines and social control. In the article, the author focuses on the relationship between the belief in the temple and the people's life and social control, and organically unifies the origin and the change, the universal phenomenon and the case study, in order to explore the true picture of the belief in the temple and deity in the multi-dimensional view. The paper points out that: first, the origin of Fujian ancestral shrine belief has both natural and social factors, and is closely related to its immigrant social characteristics. In the climax of creating gods from the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the foreign shrines had been localized, while the local shrines had the characteristics of secularization. Second, witchcraft and witchcraft have been important in Fujian people's life for a long time. Many shrines, especially goddesses, have been transformed from witches. In the process from witchcraft to god, legend and virtue story played an important role. The belief of temple and deity is closely related to people's life because of its secularization. Third, the belief of Li Ghost plague is a special form related to Nuo culture. The attitude of Fujian people towards evil spirits and spirits has undergone changes from enmity to kinship and from Wei to en, with dual dimensions. The essence of "going to sea", centered on the belief of the five emperors, is a kind of exorcism to banish the plague. Similar to Pudu, the sea-going meeting also has entertainment and economic functions. Fourthly, the belief of temple and deity has the characteristic of following the common custom at will, mainly in the worship object and belief behavior of the specific crowd is often utilitarian, but we can still see the moral orientation in the legend about the temple god. And those who violate the custom of kind-hearted shrines and deities believe in idols, which are soon passed on. Fifthly, the essence of praying for rain is a kind of local tradition, and the local officials' practice of praying for rain expresses respect for this tradition. Compared with the general public, officials are more positive about their belief in shrines. As individual officials, there are also differences in their own attitude towards religious activities. The auxiliary king and the destruct of the obscenity shrine are the two sides of the Chinese traditional Shinto religion. In the history, the official destruct and ban the prostituted shrine is often futile. We should treat correctly the positive value of the belief in shrines and deities. On this issue, officials should fully respect the will of the people, mainly education and guidance.
【学位授予单位】：福建师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：B933
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