电动汽车充放电优化及利益链协调研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 12:07

本文选题：电动汽车 + 充电行为　；参考：《华北电力大学(北京)》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：电动汽车由于其具有节能减排效益成为了未来交通端的重要转型方向。电动汽车的充电行为主要受用户主导,每一辆电动汽车接入电网都会形成随机的用电负荷,由于我国电源结构以燃煤为主,随机的充电行为会造成交通端降低的碳排放转移到发电端,从而使电动汽车发展的节能减排初衷失去意义。由此,发展电动汽车需着重研究电动汽车的充电行为。此外,电动汽车充电过程中涉及到多个利益主体,包括发电端、电网端、基础设施运营商及电动汽车用户。为了使用户优化充电行为,必须从利益链的角度协调各方利益,从而形成外界激励对用户的充电行为进行引导。基于不同的电动汽车充电模式,本文旨在获得电动汽车充放电优化策略及形成保障有序充放电的利益链协调机制。我国正大力推动公共交通端的电气化进程,考虑与私家车的相似性及数据源的获取性,本文主要针对电动出租车的充电行为及充放电优化策略展开研究。电动汽车充电行为研究是有序充电优化策略的基础,本文首先对电动汽车充电行为进行了细致剖析。通过实地调研,以电动出租车运行数据为基础,通过高斯混合分布模型对充电起始时间及充电历时进行分布拟合,以贝叶斯信息准则为依据筛选最优的拟合模型,并通过蒙特卡洛方法校验拟合模型的有效性,从而获得电动出租车充电一般规律模型。进一步,考虑电动汽车保有量、充电次数、充电功率、充电能效等因素,构建电动汽车充电需求模型,确定实际充电负荷。为了剖析电动汽车充电的实际效益,本文构建了电网运行效益分析模型及碳减排效益分析模型。采用多个地区的基础数据进行测算,结果表明,实际充电负荷会给电网运行增加压力,但是相较于燃油车,节能减排效益显著。同时,电动汽车实现的综合效益具有区域差异性。充电行为优化策略是实现电动汽车节能减排效益的前提。围绕此,分别就直充及换电两种模式对电动汽车的充电行为进行了优化。直充模式下,考虑多个利益方视角,分别构建充电优化模型。其中,电网方优先考虑平衡负荷波动及外在激励综合效益值最小；运营商在分时电价及分时服务费作用下,优先考虑最大化充电服务收益；用户在分时充电费作用下,优先考虑最小化充电成本,从而获得多个充电负荷优化策略。这些充电负荷优化策略较实际充电负荷都实现了效益的提升,其中以从电网方视角进行的优化效果最为明显。为了对比各优化策略实现的节能减排效果,从发电方角度以燃煤成本最低为目标,构建了节能调度优化模型。结果表明,相较于实际充电负荷,三种优化充电策略均使得发电计划中增加了清洁能源发电量,降低了火电发电量,提高了单位火电煤耗效率及单位系统发电煤耗效率。换电模式下,以避开负荷高峰段、避开电动出租车运营密集期及避开电动出租车车主休息期为原则,对换电站的充电负荷进行了优化,提出了有序换电模式。通过构建电网端效益分析模型验证了有序换电模式可提高电网运行效益。考虑风电入网、火电机组运行约束、输电约束、换电站运营约束、充放电约束,构建了发电端经济调度模型,对不同电动汽车规模下换电站执行充放电的节能减排效益进行分析。结果表明有序换电模式、电动出租车保有量及换电站充放电行为将共同影响发电端节能减排效益。利益链异质主体间能否实现共赢与电动汽车有序充放电的实现息息相关,任意一方经济性缺失都将阻碍电动汽车充电市场的健康发展。其中,换电模式经济性一直是阻碍其大规模发展的瓶颈。虽然相较于直充模式,换电模式更适合电动出租车的供能,且其实现了对电池的统一管理,更易于对充放电活动有序操控,且通过充放电所能实现的综合效益更为明显。但由于运营商前期投入大,利益链难以实现平衡。本文基于需求端,挖掘潜在运营商及运营模式,从运营商视角构建投资成本分析模型,从用户视角构建充电费用分析模型,分别获得运营商开展换电服务的边际收益条件及用户接受换电服务的边际成本条件。通过两者的平衡,研判各运营模式的经济性。此外,对多个影响换电服务的关键因素进行了敏感性分析。利益链实现内在协调是电动汽车有序充放电的机制保障。本文围绕促使电动出租车有序充放电、促进利益链实现协调的目标展开研究。直充模式下,基于序贯博弈理念,构建了各参与方利益优化模型,通过电价联动实现了利益链协调,并求解出协调时的相应电价值。当达到协调状态时,充电负荷实现了削峰填谷,且在用电负荷谷段及平段避免了新负荷高峰的产生。此外,发电方及电网方的收益实现上升,用户方的充电成本实现下降,风电发电量得到提升,高效率火电机组的竞争力更为明显。换电模式下,电网与运营商之间构建了契约机制,运营商与用户之间遵循“委托-代理”关系,利用分时换电服务费实现利益链协调,通过设定多个充放电价及换电峰谷服务价以探寻使利益链得到协调的平衡点。结果显示,采取相同的充放电价及较小变幅的峰谷换电服务价可保障各方利益均有所上升,实现利益链的可持续运行。
[Abstract]:Because of its energy saving and emission reduction benefit, electric vehicle has become an important transformation direction of the future traffic terminal. The charging behavior of electric vehicles is mainly dominated by users. Each electric vehicle will be connected to the power grid to form a random electric load. Because the power supply structure in China is dominated by coal burning, the random charging behavior will cause the reduction of carbon in the traffic terminal. Therefore, the development of electric vehicles should focus on the study of the charging behavior of electric vehicles. In addition, there are many stakeholders involved in the electric vehicle charging process, including the power generation, the grid end, the infrastructure operators and the electric vehicle users. In order to optimize the charging behavior, it is necessary to coordinate the interests of all parties from the perspective of interest chain, so as to form an external incentive to guide the user's charging behavior. Based on the different electric vehicle charging mode, this paper aims to obtain the optimization strategy of electric vehicle charging and discharging and the formation of the interest chain coordination mechanism to guarantee the orderly charging and discharging. The electrification process of the common traffic terminal, considering the similarity of the private car and the acquisition of the data source, is mainly focused on the charging behavior and the charging and discharging optimization strategy of the electric taxis. The study of the electric vehicle charging behavior is the basis of the orderly charging optimization strategy. This paper first analyzes the charging behavior of the electric vehicle in detail. On the basis of field investigation, based on the operation data of electric taxi, the distribution model of Gauss mixed distribution model is used to fit the starting time of charging and the duration of charging. The optimal fitting model is screened based on Bayesian information criterion, and the validity of the fitting model is checked by Monte Carlo method so as to obtain the charging of electric taxi. In order to analyze the actual benefit of electric vehicle charging, this paper constructs an analysis model of power network operation benefit and an analysis model of carbon emission reduction efficiency. The results show that the actual charging load will increase the pressure of the power grid operation, but compared with the fuel vehicle, the efficiency of energy saving and emission reduction is remarkable. At the same time, the comprehensive benefit of the electric vehicle has regional difference. The optimization strategy of charging behavior is the precondition of realizing the efficiency of energy saving and emission reduction of electric vehicles. The charging behavior of electric vehicles is optimized by two modes of direct charging and switching. Under the direct charge mode, the charging optimization model is constructed in the view of multiple stakeholders. Among them, the power grid priority considers the balance load fluctuation and the minimum comprehensive benefit value of the external incentive. The operator takes the priority examination under the time sharing price and the time sharing service charge. Considering the benefit of maximizing the charging service, the user is given priority to minimize the charge cost under the time-sharing charge fee, thus obtaining multiple charging load optimization strategies. These charging load optimization strategies have achieved a better benefit than the actual charging load, in which the optimization effect from the power grid angle is the most obvious. The energy saving and emission reduction effect achieved by the optimization strategy is designed from the point of view of the power generation, and the energy-saving scheduling optimization model is constructed. The results show that, compared with the actual charging load, the three optimal charging strategies make the power generation plan increase the power generation of clean energy, reduce the power generation capacity and improve the coal consumption efficiency of unit thermal power. In order to avoid the peak period of the load, avoid the operation intensive period of the electric taxi and avoid the rest period of the electric taxi driver, the charging load of the power station is optimized, and the ordered switching mode is put forward, and the ordered change mode is verified through the construction of the benefit analysis model of the power grid end. It can improve the efficiency of the power grid operation. Considering the wind power network, the operation constraints of the thermal power unit, the transmission constraints, the operation constraints of the power station, the charge and discharge constraints, the economic dispatch model of the power generation terminal is constructed, and the energy saving and emission reduction benefits of the electric power stations under the scale of different electric vehicles are analyzed. The amount of ownership and the charge and discharge behavior of changing the power station will affect the efficiency of energy saving and emission reduction. The realization of mutual benefit among the heterogeneous stakeholders in the interest chain is closely related to the realization of the orderly charging and discharging of electric vehicles, and the economic loss of any party will hinder the healthy development of the electric vehicle charging market. Compared with the direct charge mode, the switching mode is more suitable for the electric taxi power supply, and it realizes the unified management of the battery, it is easier to manipulate the charge and discharge activities, and the comprehensive benefits can be realized more clearly through charging and discharging. However, the benefit chain is difficult to achieve balance due to the large investment of the operators in the early stage. This paper, based on the demand side, excavated the potential operators and operating modes, constructed the investment cost analysis model from the operator's perspective, constructed the charging cost analysis model from the user's perspective, respectively obtained the marginal revenue conditions for the operators to carry out the power exchange service and the boundary cost conditions for the users to accept the electricity exchange service. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of the key factors affecting the power switching service is analyzed. The internal coordination of the interest chain is the mechanism guarantee for the orderly charging and discharging of electric vehicles. This paper focuses on the aim of promoting the orderly charging and discharging of electric taxis and promoting the coordination of interest chain. It constructs the optimization model of the interests of each participant, realizes the coordination of interest chain through the linkage of electricity price, and solves the corresponding electrical value of the coordination. When the coordination state is reached, the charging load realizes the peak filling and valley filling and avoids the new load peak in the electricity load valley section and the flat section. In addition, the income of the power generation and the power grid is real. At present, the charging cost of the user is reduced, the power generation of the wind power is improved, the competitiveness of the high efficiency thermal power unit is more obvious. Under the mode of switching, the contract mechanism is built between the power grid and the operators, the relationship between the operators and the users is followed by the "principal agent" relationship, and the interest chain coordination is realized by the time sharing service fee, through the establishment of the coordination of the interest chain. The results show that the same charge and discharge price and small amplitude change of peak valley power exchange service price can ensure that the interests of all parties are increased, and the sustainable operation of the interest chain is achieved.

【学位授予单位】：华北电力大学(北京)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F426.61

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