刑事职业禁止的司法适用研究

发布时间：2018-01-18 07:06

本文关键词：刑事职业禁止的司法适用研究　出处：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着国家经济的不断发展,人们工作节奏的加快,现代社会的职业分工呈现日益精细化的特点。其中不少职业类型对从业人员的资格有特定的要求,特殊的职业门槛形成了特殊的职业犯罪类型。我国早已通过行政法规范的方式,对许多特定职业犯罪进行规制。尽管这些规范对从业人员产生了一定的影响,但是仍然存在大量利用职业便利或者违背职业要求的特定义务而实施犯罪的行为游离于法律规制之外。囿于传统刑罚体系的固然弊病,亦无法有效治理此类犯罪。因此,《刑法修正案(九)》增设"刑事职业禁止"规范,将职业禁止提升至刑事法的立法高度。这是继《刑法修正案(八)》增设"禁止令"后又增加的一项预防性措施。顾名思义,预防性措施是以预防为特定目的和功能的措施。与惩罚性措施相比,预防性措施具有两方面的显著特点:一是以行为人的人身危险性为重要立足点,关注行为人的再犯可能性;二是以"预防"为主要和直接目的,区别于传统刑罚以惩罚为直接目的。尽管新制度已经出台,但是仍然存在法律性质定位不明确、司法适用条件不清晰和相关适用规定不完善等问题。当前我国关于刑事职业禁止法律性质的学说主要有非刑罚处罚措施说、资格刑说、保安处分说、刑罚的附带处分说和刑罚的辅助性措施说,而域外国家或地区对职业禁止多定性为刑罚或保安处分。通过对刑法第37条的"非刑罚处罚措施"进行教义阐释及对保安处分特征进行规范性分析后,刑事职业禁止的法律性质应当归属于保安处分。刑事职业禁止的保安处分性质决定了法院在适用时要遵循法益衡量原则、刑法谦抑原则和比例原则。其次,职业范围的认定不宜过窄或过宽,应当满足已经造成严重后果、易受侵害等特征。再次,实质条件应当严格根据犯罪情况和预防再犯罪的需要。复次,被判处的刑罚条件应当局限于拘役或有期徒刑的实刑。最后,对于违反刑事职业禁止的行政法律后果应当予以明确。由于适用刑事职业禁止的前提是判处刑罚,宣告时间在刑罚执行完毕前或假释前,故只有部分行政职业禁止规范与刑事职业禁止适用时存在冲突。法条中的"从其规定"应当理解为"注意规定",而非一切以法院为宣告主体,以行政职业禁止的适用条件和期限为依据。在适用存在冲突时,应当坚持刑法谦抑性,同时以刑事职业禁止的适用条件为依据,审慎决定适用期限。此外,我国刑法中实际上一直存在保安处分措施,只是没有为其正名。因此建议将保安处分的概念引入刑法典,整合原有的保安处分性质的措施,适时增设其它保安性措施,进而形成完整的体系。其次,应当对我国刑事职业禁止的适用程序进行设计,并分别从职业禁止的提出程序、宣告程序、执行程序和救济方式四个方面提出构想。最后,建议将因利用职业便利或违背职业要求的特定义务而实施了违法行为,或者因鉴定无刑事责任能力的情况纳入刑事职业禁止予以规制。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of the national economy, people to accelerate the pace of work, occupation division of modern society is becoming more and more sophisticated features. Among the many types of occupation qualification of employees have specific requirements, special occupation threshold formed a special occupation crime type. China has by administrative law, the regulation of the many specific occupation crime. Although these norms have a certain impact on employees, but there are still a lot of convenience by occupation or contrary to the requirements of specific duty occupation crime free from legal regulation. Limited to the traditional penalty system is also not effective governance ills, this kind of crime. Therefore, "criminal law amendment (nine) > Add" criminal occupation prohibition norms, legislation to prohibit the high occupation of criminal law. This is the "criminal law amendment (eight) > Add" prohibiting "As a precautionary measure added. As the name suggests, is taking preventive measures for a specific purpose and function of preventive measures. Compared with punitive measures, with prominent features in two aspects: one is to take preventive measures of personal danger as an important foothold, close the possibility of recidivism note behavior the two is to" prevent "; is the main and direct purpose, different from the traditional penalty directly aim to punishment. Although the new system has been introduced, but there are still legal nature of positioning is not clear, the applicable conditions are not clear and the problem of judicial applicable regulation is not perfect. China's current criminal law on occupation nature theory the main non penalty punishment, qualification punishment, security punishment, punishment and penalty with auxiliary measures of punishment, and in foreign countries or regions to prohibit the occupation as punishment or qualitative security . according to Article thirty-seventh of the criminal law of "non penalty measures" doctrine of interpretation and normative analysis on the characteristics of security measures, the legal nature of the criminal prohibition of occupation should be attributed to security measures. The security punishment prohibited occupation determines the nature of the criminal court should follow the legal measure principle when applicable, the criminal law principle and the principle of proportionality. Secondly, the scope of the occupation identification should not be too narrow or too wide, should meet have serious consequences, such as vulnerable characteristics. Thirdly, substantive conditions should be strictly according to the circumstances of the crime and crime prevention needs. Besides, sentence conditions should be limited to criminal detention or imprisonment real punishment finally, in violation of the administrative legal consequences of criminal occupation should be clear. The ban is the premise of application of the criminal prohibition of occupation penalty, the penalty is finished before the time of announcement or parole Before, it is only part of the administrative and criminal norms prohibit occupation occupation prohibition when there is a conflict. In the law "from its provisions" should be understood as "notice", rather than to the court for declaration of all subjects, with the applicable conditions and the time limit of administrative occupation prohibition as the basis. In the appropriate when there is a conflict, should adhere to the modesty of criminal law, and applicable conditions in the criminal prohibition occupation as the basis, prudent decision application deadline. In addition, China's criminal law has actually been existing security measures, not only for its name. It is suggested that the concept of security punishment into criminal law, the integration of security measures nature of the original measures, timely additional other security measures, and form a complete system. Secondly, we should design the procedure of our criminal occupation prohibited, and were put forward from the occupation procedures prohibited, declaration procedures, implementation procedures and save In the four aspects, we put forward the idea of the way of economic development. Finally, we suggested that illegal actions should be implemented because of the specific obligations of occupations facilitating or violating professional requirements, or we should be excluded from the criminal occupational prohibition because of the lack of criminal responsibility.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924

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