噪声污染侵权若干法律问题探究

发布时间：2018-05-30 08:44

本文选题：噪声污染侵权 + 归责原则　；参考：《浙江大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：噪声对于人体具有多方面的危害,其特点表现为:无污染物存在、污染不会产生积累、污染具有暂时性、传播距离较短、具有分散性,很难集中治理。我国法律对"环境噪声污染"采用了客观要件与主观要件相结合方式进行定义。然而,在现实生活中有许多噪声并没有超过国家的相关排放标准,但是依旧对人们的生产生活造成了不法侵害,但由于不符合《噪声污染防治法》对于噪声污染的定义而得不到救济。噪声污染的特殊性导致噪声污染侵权案件具有不稳定性、损害后果的不确定性、责任主体以及侵害法益的多元性和证据的复杂性等特点,对噪声污染侵权的救济提出了很大的挑战。我国对于噪声污染的立法主要有《环境噪声污染防治法》以及《侵权责任法》和《物权法》中的部分条款。《侵权责任法》中对噪声污染侵权的构成要件为:一、污染行为,二、损害事实,三、因果关系。也就是说《侵权责任法》对于构成环境污染侵权中对违法性不作要求。我国的《物权法》第90条虽然对于于噪声的排放作出了禁止性的规定,但是对于相邻关系中十分重要的容忍义务的规定却存在缺失,因此在适用上存在着许多的问题。而在现实实际中,法官多以相邻关系来处理噪声污染侵权。而在我国的《民法通则》和《物权法》中,相邻关系的适用原则在实践中操作性较低。从《侵权责任法》来看,对于环境污染的归责原则明确为无过错原则。但在我国《环境噪声污染防治法》中对于噪声污染的定义也要求排放行为具有违法性这一要素。这也正是我国对于噪声污染类型化的确实所造成的。而如何类型化也在学界也有许多不同的声音。因果关系的判定是噪声污染侵权当中最难以判定的部分,作为特殊的侵权行为,噪声污染侵权有其特殊性的表现形式,这主要是因为在污染行为与损害结果之间的因果关系在证明的时候具有相当大的难度。我国对噪声污染侵权采取的的是举证责任的倒置。但原告仍需对一定的事实承担举证责任。污染者应当就法律规定的不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形及其行为与损害之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任。噪声污染对受害人造成损失的,受害人有权要求赔偿。赔偿的范围主要包括财产损害赔偿、人身损害赔偿、精神损害赔偿以及环境损害赔偿。在我国,噪声污染所造成的人体损害属于人身损害的赔偿范围。按照我国的相关规定,对于人身损害的赔偿范围依照人身损害的程度进行判定。对于损害结果的赔偿标准,因为噪声污染侵权造成的损害结果很难具体得量化并且因为个体的差异性而表现出不同的后果,所以法官在具体案件中自由裁量就显得尤为重要。
[Abstract]:Noise is harmful to human body in many aspects. Its characteristics are: no pollutants, no accumulation of pollution, temporary pollution, short propagation distance, dispersion, and difficult to concentrate treatment. The law of our country defines "environmental noise pollution" by combining objective and subjective elements. However, in real life, there is a lot of noise that does not exceed the national emission standards, but it still causes illegal damage to people's production and life. However, there is no remedy for noise pollution because it does not conform to the definition of noise pollution Prevention and Control Law. Because of the particularity of noise pollution, the infringement cases of noise pollution are characterized by instability, uncertainty of damage consequences, plurality of subjects of responsibility and legal interests of infringement, and complexity of evidence, etc. The remedy for the infringement of noise pollution has put forward a great challenge. The legislation of noise pollution in our country mainly includes the Environmental noise pollution Prevention and Control Law, the Tort liability Law and the Real right Law. The constituent elements of the tort liability law to the noise pollution infringement are as follows: first, pollution behavior, second, Damage fact, three, causality. In other words, tort liability law does not require illegality in constituting environmental pollution tort. Although Article 90 of our country's Real right Law prohibits the emission of noise, there are many problems in the application of the regulation of tolerance, which is very important in the adjoining relationship. In reality, the judge mostly deals with the noise pollution infringement with the neighboring relation. However, in our country's "General principles of Civil Law" and "property Law", the applicability of the principle of adjacent relations is low in practice. From the Tort liability Law, the principle of imputation for environmental pollution is clear no-fault principle. However, the definition of noise pollution in the Environmental noise pollution Prevention Law also requires that the emission behavior be illegal. This is precisely our country to the noise pollution typology actually causes. And how to type also has many different voices in the academic circles. The determination of causality is the most difficult part of the noise-pollution tort. As a special tort, the noise-pollution tort has its special manifestation. This is mainly due to the fact that the causal relationship between pollution behavior and damage results is difficult to prove. What our country takes to the noise pollution tort is the inversion of the burden of proof. But the plaintiff still has to bear the burden of proof for certain facts. The polluter shall bear the burden of proof in the case of non-liability or mitigation under the law and the absence of a causal relationship between the act and the damage. If noise pollution causes damage to the victim, the victim has the right to claim compensation. The scope of compensation mainly includes compensation for property damage, compensation for personal injury, compensation for moral damage and compensation for environmental damage. In our country, the human body damage caused by noise pollution belongs to the compensation range of personal injury. According to the relevant regulations of our country, the range of compensation for personal injury shall be judged according to the degree of personal injury. For the compensation standard of the damage result, it is difficult to quantify the damage result caused by the noise pollution tort and show different consequences because of the individual difference, so it is very important for the judge to decide freely in the specific case.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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