生态破坏侵权责任研究
发布时间：2018-08-21 20:01
【摘要】：环境污染和生态破坏问题日益突出,早期的环境侵权着重于对环境污染侵权责任的研究探讨,而生态破坏侵权是近几年出现的不同于传统一般侵权和环境污染侵权的一种新型侵权类型,如因过度采煤采矿导致地表地下水位降低等进而影响生产生活用水的案件等等,所以早期的研究并不能使近年来连续发生的生态破坏侵权案件得到很好的解决。随着现实生活中因生态破坏导致损害发生案例的频繁出现,生态破坏侵权的研究成了目前不可忽视的一项课题,而尽管现实中现行立法已有多部针对环境侵权问题的法律法规,但大多只是针对环境污染进行的规定,很少见到专门以生态破坏侵权为主题的法律规定,更不要说专门的民事责任规定了,并且有限的法律条文中,不同的法律之间也存在规定不协调、适用不统一的状况,并不能满足现实需要。本文首先从语义分析的角度对于生态破坏侵权的概念等基本理论做出了清晰明确的界定:生态破坏侵权是指行为人因生产经营需要以不当方式开发、利用、索取自然资源,超过了环境的承载能力,导致生态系统失衡,并因此造成他人人身、财产损害或损害之虞,依法需要承担民事不利后果的一种民事法律事实。并运用比较分析的方法,通过与一般侵权、环境污染侵权的对比分析,突出生态破坏侵权独有的特点,为下文对生态破坏侵权的具体展开奠定理论基础。其次,对理论界关于生态破坏侵权的归责原则存在的各种理论进行简单概括、对比并予以评析,在此基础上提出关于本文关于生态破坏侵权责任适用无过错归责原则的主张,并分析无过错原则适用的正当性。基于此,本文主张将生态破坏侵权与环境污染侵权一起作为环境侵权的内在内容,包含在环境侵权这一整体的体系中。再次,通过与国内外立法、实践的相关比较并结合生态破坏侵权的自身特点,对生态破坏侵权责任提出了自己全新的理论规则,并对其进行重新构建,指出我国生态破坏侵权责任的应然状态,即本文主张在归责原则上,对其适用无过错侵权责任;在责任构成上排除“违法性”要件,主张三要素构成,只要具备生态破坏侵权行为、给他人造成了现实损害或者损害之虞、并且两者之间存在因果关系就可以成立生态破坏责任,并且在因果关系的认定中借鉴国外的丰富理论成果,针对不同的生态破坏类型选用多元化的证明方法;在责任承担上,要扩大原有范围内的承担方式,引入民事制裁方式和惩罚性赔偿,以弥补原有责任方式的狭隘和不足;同时要限缩免责事由,对于不可抗力、受害人过错等原因引起的损害,要赋予严格的适用条件加以限制,不能不加区分地一概视为免责的事由。最后,分析现有法律体系在生态破坏侵权救济方面规定的缺陷,并且针对这些问题以《侵权责任法》为视角提出完善我国生态破坏侵权责任制度的具体路径,将对生态破坏侵权重新构建的规则引入环境侵权责任章节中与环境污染侵权予以融合,对侵权法中的环境侵权责任进行整体性体系完善和规定。理论上,为生态破坏侵权构建一套相对完整的责任认定和追究机制,以便为解决我国日益严重的生态破坏侵权问题,提供相关的理论基础与立法支撑,也为司法实践中司法机关对类似案件的审理提供明确的依据,结束目前关于生态破坏侵权责任的无定化状态,统一司法机关的判决,避免实践中类似案件却导致不同甚至截然相反的判决现象的发生,同时保护并实现生态环境的可持续发展,维护社会公平与正义,推动社会进步和经济发展。
[Abstract]:Environmental pollution and ecological damage are becoming increasingly prominent. The early environmental tort focuses on the study of tort liability for environmental pollution. The tort of ecological damage is a new type of tort which is different from the traditional tort and environmental pollution tort in recent years, such as the reduction of surface groundwater level due to excessive mining. But the case that affects the production and living water use and so on, so the early research can not make in recent years the continuous occurrence of ecological damage infringement cases to be very good solution. In reality, there are many laws and regulations on environmental tort in the current legislation, but most of them are only about environmental pollution. There are few special laws and regulations on ecological damage tort, let alone special civil liability, and there are also provisions between different laws in limited legal provisions. First of all, from the perspective of semantic analysis, this paper clearly defines the concept of ecological damage infringement and other basic theories: ecological damage infringement refers to the perpetrator's improper development, utilization and demand of natural resources due to production and operation needs, which exceeds the environmental commitment. It is a kind of civil legal fact that carrying capacity leads to imbalance of ecosystem, and thus causes damage to other people's personal, property or damage. It is necessary to bear civil adverse consequences according to law. Secondly, this paper makes a brief summary, comparison and analysis of various theories on the imputation principle of ecological damage infringement. On this basis, it puts forward the proposition that this article applies the principle of imputation without fault to the liability of ecological damage infringement, and analyzes the application of the principle of imputation without fault. Based on this, this paper advocates that ecological damage tort and environmental pollution tort should be included in the whole system of environmental tort as the content of environmental tort. Thirdly, by comparing with domestic and foreign legislation, practice and combining with the characteristics of ecological damage tort, this paper puts forward the liability of ecological damage tort. This article advocates that no-fault tort liability should be applied to China's ecological damage tort liability, that is, in the principle of imputation, no-fault tort liability should be applied to China's ecological damage tort liability, that is, the elements of illegality should be excluded from the liability composition, and that three elements should be constituted, so long as the ecological damage tort acts are available, it will bring about manifestation to others. Actual damage or damage, and there is a causal relationship between the two can establish ecological damage liability, and the causal relationship between the rich theoretical achievements of foreign countries in the identification of the causal relationship, for different types of ecological damage to choose a diversified method of proof; in the responsibility, to expand the scope of the way to assume, the introduction of the people In order to compensate for the narrowness and deficiency of the original liability mode, we should limit the exemption cause, restrict the damage caused by force majeure and the fault of the victim, and impose strict applicable conditions, which can not be regarded as exemption without distinction. Finally, we should analyze the existing legal system in the ecological environment. Defects in the remedies for damage infringement, and to address these issues from the perspective of the "Tort Liability Law" to improve China's ecological damage tort liability system, the specific path to re-establish the rules of ecological damage infringement into the chapter of environmental tort liability and environmental pollution infringement to be integrated, environmental tort in the tort law. Theoretically, a relatively complete set of responsibility cognizance and investigation mechanism is constructed for ecological damage infringement, so as to solve the increasingly serious problem of ecological damage infringement in China, provide the relevant theoretical basis and legislative support, and also provide a clear explanation for the judicial practice of similar cases. The definite basis is to put an end to the indefinite state of tort liability for ecological damage, unify the judgments of judicial organs, avoid the occurrence of different or even completely opposite judgments caused by similar cases in practice, protect and realize the sustainable development of ecological environment, safeguard social fairness and justice, and promote social progress and economic development. Exhibition.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923
本文编号：2196205
[Abstract]:Environmental pollution and ecological damage are becoming increasingly prominent. The early environmental tort focuses on the study of tort liability for environmental pollution. The tort of ecological damage is a new type of tort which is different from the traditional tort and environmental pollution tort in recent years, such as the reduction of surface groundwater level due to excessive mining. But the case that affects the production and living water use and so on, so the early research can not make in recent years the continuous occurrence of ecological damage infringement cases to be very good solution. In reality, there are many laws and regulations on environmental tort in the current legislation, but most of them are only about environmental pollution. There are few special laws and regulations on ecological damage tort, let alone special civil liability, and there are also provisions between different laws in limited legal provisions. First of all, from the perspective of semantic analysis, this paper clearly defines the concept of ecological damage infringement and other basic theories: ecological damage infringement refers to the perpetrator's improper development, utilization and demand of natural resources due to production and operation needs, which exceeds the environmental commitment. It is a kind of civil legal fact that carrying capacity leads to imbalance of ecosystem, and thus causes damage to other people's personal, property or damage. It is necessary to bear civil adverse consequences according to law. Secondly, this paper makes a brief summary, comparison and analysis of various theories on the imputation principle of ecological damage infringement. On this basis, it puts forward the proposition that this article applies the principle of imputation without fault to the liability of ecological damage infringement, and analyzes the application of the principle of imputation without fault. Based on this, this paper advocates that ecological damage tort and environmental pollution tort should be included in the whole system of environmental tort as the content of environmental tort. Thirdly, by comparing with domestic and foreign legislation, practice and combining with the characteristics of ecological damage tort, this paper puts forward the liability of ecological damage tort. This article advocates that no-fault tort liability should be applied to China's ecological damage tort liability, that is, in the principle of imputation, no-fault tort liability should be applied to China's ecological damage tort liability, that is, the elements of illegality should be excluded from the liability composition, and that three elements should be constituted, so long as the ecological damage tort acts are available, it will bring about manifestation to others. Actual damage or damage, and there is a causal relationship between the two can establish ecological damage liability, and the causal relationship between the rich theoretical achievements of foreign countries in the identification of the causal relationship, for different types of ecological damage to choose a diversified method of proof; in the responsibility, to expand the scope of the way to assume, the introduction of the people In order to compensate for the narrowness and deficiency of the original liability mode, we should limit the exemption cause, restrict the damage caused by force majeure and the fault of the victim, and impose strict applicable conditions, which can not be regarded as exemption without distinction. Finally, we should analyze the existing legal system in the ecological environment. Defects in the remedies for damage infringement, and to address these issues from the perspective of the "Tort Liability Law" to improve China's ecological damage tort liability system, the specific path to re-establish the rules of ecological damage infringement into the chapter of environmental tort liability and environmental pollution infringement to be integrated, environmental tort in the tort law. Theoretically, a relatively complete set of responsibility cognizance and investigation mechanism is constructed for ecological damage infringement, so as to solve the increasingly serious problem of ecological damage infringement in China, provide the relevant theoretical basis and legislative support, and also provide a clear explanation for the judicial practice of similar cases. The definite basis is to put an end to the indefinite state of tort liability for ecological damage, unify the judgments of judicial organs, avoid the occurrence of different or even completely opposite judgments caused by similar cases in practice, protect and realize the sustainable development of ecological environment, safeguard social fairness and justice, and promote social progress and economic development. Exhibition.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923
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