中国近代大学教科书发展历程研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 13:14

本文关键词： 教科书教科书制度本土化　出处：《苏州大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：教科书是课程内容的重要载体，是课程标准规定的文本体现。它不仅是教师设计和实施教学活动的重要依据，更是学生学习的主要凭借；同时，教科书也在一定程度上承载着社会的某些价值观念，也会通过许多渠道对民众发生影响。在中国近代，教科书问题始终是高等教育发展中的一个重要问题。本论文以唯物史观作指导，以中国近代大学有代表性的教科书文本为基本资料，通过对这些教科书编撰思想、内容体系、编审制度、出版发行、选用情况及其教育和社会效果的分析，探讨中国近代大学教科书的发展历程，分析这些教科书的成败及其原因，揭示影响中国近代大学教科书体系与制度的教育和社会因素，以及近代大学教科书的对教育和社会的影响，希冀能够对中国当今大学教科书建设提供些许借鉴。中国现代意义的“教科书”不是中国本土文化的产物，而是西学东渐的结果，是中西文化交流、冲突、融合的产物。随着中国近代西学东渐的深入，西方先进的大学制度及课程理念进入中国，直接促成中国近代大学制度及课程体系的确立，中国近代大学教科书随之产生。 1877年，在华基督教传教士在上海召开第一次大会，决定成立“学校教科书委员会”为教会大学编辑、出版教科书。教会大学教科书的宗旨是为宗教服务。但教会大学教科书将西方先进的教科书编制理念和科学内容引入中国，客观上促进了中国近代大学教科书发展。 19世纪末20世纪初，北洋大学堂、京师大学堂等中国近代大学逐步设立。受当时大学发展水平所限，京师大学堂等都是由教习翻译西方教科书或自编讲义授课。用讲义授课体现了中国近代大学发展初期教科书的非规范化特征，其弊端很明显，“不仅各异其是，且使学生缺乏参考书籍，不宜从事比较研究。”1此时，中国大学教科书主要受日本的影响，主要表现在：直接翻译日本大学的教科书；由日本教习自编教科书；由中国教习依据日本教科书的观点、体系改编教科书。五四运动后，随着美国教育理论、大学制度及教育改革实践对我国影响的深入，美国大学教科书开始在中国大学占据主要地位。北京政府颁布的《大学令》、《国立大学条例》等有关大学章程条例，均明确规定大学教学方式及课程设置全面效仿欧美各国著名大学。许多大学的理科教学都采用外文教科书，文科各科凡涉及外国事例的也都使用外文教科书。外文原版教科书具有质量优良、利于学习英文、方便教师授课等优点，但也阻碍了中国近代学术的发展和独立。 20世纪20年代，随着中国近代高等教育的发展和民族意识的觉醒，中国人开始自编教科书。中国近代大学教科书开始了本土化进程。归国留学生充当了编辑教科书的主力。归国留学生并不是单纯翻译外国教科书，而是根据他们的学识结合中国的实际编写教科书，力求教科书的本土化。 20世纪30年代，蔡元培提出“国化教科书”。商务印书馆率先承担起“国化教科书”的重任，编辑、出版中国近代第一套系列大学教科书——大学丛书。“大学丛书’的编写体例、形式、内容都呈现出科学化和本土化的特征。南京国民政府时期，随着大学制度的逐步完善和教育学术的独立发展，大学教科书开始进入本土化建设的新阶段。国民政府教育部“鉴于各校及各书局所编之大学教本虽多，尚未能遍及所有科目，且国难期间各方经费均感困难，原有出书计划，亦颇受影响”，“乃决定以政府力量完成此举”2。1939年，教育部专门成立“大学教科书编辑委员会”，编辑出版“部定大学用书”。随着中国近代大学教科书的发展，大学教科书制度也逐渐成型。京师大学堂和晚清学部在教科书制度的确立中起到非常重要的作用。民国后，国民政府教育部承担起教科书的审定任务。教科书审定制度的确立与完善，在一定程度上保证了教科书的质量，但也成为专制政府推行教育宗旨，控制学生思想的重要手段。中国近代大学教科书引进、传播了西方自然科学与社会科学知识，传播、发展了近代先进思想，开阔了人们的眼界，使“科学”与“民主”观念深入人心。中国大学教科书从编辑内容到服务对象逐渐向民众转化，，呈现出大众化趋势，改变了过去专为封建“达官士人”编造的状况。中国近代大学教科书加速了中国传统学术体系的消解，促进了中国近代大学学科体系的建立。虽然中国近代大学教科书发展的时代背景与当前大学教科书建设面临的时代背景有着极大的差异，但近代教科书编纂者所关注、面对的问题在中国目前大学教科书建设中依然存在着。中国现在的大学教学中仍存在着讲义授课、自编教科书与引进教科书的矛盾、教科书编审与选用的矛盾。在当前的教科书建设中，中国大学应该既坚持教科书的编审制度，又充分发挥广大教师的教科书自主权；在引进外国先进原版教科书的同时，注重大学教科书的本土化建设，大力弘扬民族文化。只有如此，才能建立起具有中国特色的、现代化的大学教科书体系。
[Abstract]:The textbook is the important carrier of the course content , it is the text manifestation of the curriculum standard . It is not only the important basis for the teacher to design and implement the teaching activities , but also the main virtue of the student ' s study . At the same time , the textbook also carries some values of the society to some extent , and it will influence the public through many channels . In the modern times of China , the textbook problem is always an important issue in the development of higher education . Based on the historical materialism , this paper discusses the history of the textbook development of modern university in China through the analysis of the author ' s thought , content system , review system , publishing , distribution , selection and educational and social effects of the textbook . It also reveals the educational and social factors that affect the textbook system and system of modern university in China , and the influence of the textbook on education and society in modern university . The textbook of Chinese modern significance is not the product of Chinese native culture , but the result of western learning . It is the product of communication , conflict and fusion of Chinese and Western culture . With the deepening of western learning in modern China , the advanced western university system and curriculum concept enter China , which directly leads to the establishment of modern university system and curriculum system in China . In 1877 , in Shanghai , Christian missionaries held the first general meeting in Shanghai , which decided to set up the School Textbook Committee to compile and publish textbooks for the church university . The purpose of the textbook was to provide religious services . But the textbook of the church university introduced the concept of advanced textbooks and the scientific content into China , which objectively promoted the development of textbooks in modern Chinese universities . At the beginning of the 19th century , China ' s modern universities , such as the Beiyang University and the Beijing Normal University , were gradually established . At that time , the Nanjing Normal University Hall was the non - standardized characteristic of the textbook in the early stage of the development of modern Chinese universities . After the May 4th Movement , as the American educational theory , the university system and the practice of educational reform have influenced China ' s influence , American university textbooks began to occupy the dominant position in China University . With the development of China ' s modern higher education and the awakening of the national consciousness in the 1920s , Chinese people began to compile textbooks . Chinese modern university textbooks began the localization process . In the 1930 ' s , Cai Yuanpei proposed the " National textbook " . The Commercial Press took the lead in undertaking the reemployment , editing and publishing of the first series of university textbooks for the modern China . The author ' s preparation , form and content of the University Series presented scientific and localized features . During the period of Nanjing National Government , with the gradual perfection of the university system and the independent development of the education academic , the university textbook began to enter the new stage of localization . With the development of the textbook of the modern university in China , the textbook system of the university is gradually formed . After the Republic of China , the Ministry of Education of the National Government has played a very important role in the establishment of the textbook system . After the Republic of China , the Ministry of Education of the National Government has assumed the task of reviewing textbooks . The introduction of textbooks of modern university in China has spread the knowledge and communication of natural science and social science in the West , spread and developed the modern advanced thought , widened people ' s horizons , made " science " and " democracy " deeply popular . The textbook of Chinese university has gradually transformed into the masses from the editorial content to the service object . The textbook of China ' s modern university has accelerated the digestion of Chinese traditional academic system and promoted the establishment of the discipline system of the modern university in China . Although the times background of textbook development of modern university in China is very different from that of the current university textbook construction , the problems faced by modern textbook writers still exist in the current university textbook construction . In the current textbooks construction , the Chinese university should adhere to the textbook review system and bring into full play to the contradiction between the textbook compilation and selection . In the current textbooks construction , the university should pay attention to the localization and construction of the university textbooks and carry forward the national culture . Only in this way can we set up a modern university textbook system with Chinese characteristics .

【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：G649.29

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