西欧中世纪城堡的区域影响力研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 00:27

本文关键词：西欧中世纪城堡的区域影响力研究　出处：《天津师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：城堡这一类独特的建筑与西欧中世纪社会有着密不可分的联系,它代表着领主的权威,它在中世纪很长一段时间里,是领主征服、统治领地的利器。11世纪以前,由于建筑材料和建筑技术还比较原始,所以西欧城堡多为土木制作且结构简单。但是即使是这种原始的城堡,在当时的社会环境中面对骑兵和其他士兵的围攻,也能起到很大的防御作用,保护领主家庭及其侍从。11、12世纪,随着城堡开始使用砖石建造,其坚固程度大大加强,十字军东征时期从东方习得的建筑技术也优化了城堡的结构,城堡的防御功能进一步提升,城堡影响区域也在扩大,除了保护领主家庭以外,还能保护城堡附近的农村居民。领主只需派驻少量卫戍部队即可守住战略要地,此外在城堡上安置武器让城堡在一味被动防御的基础上还能有一定主动进攻作用,对于新征服的乡村或城市地区,建立城堡作为大本营是有效稳固统治的方法。在王权孱弱,没有统一安全保障的社会里,各地领主凭借城堡这一强大的军事武器能够安稳地统治其领地,也正因城堡有着如此重要的作用,各领主们纷纷建立城堡。同时在非战争时期,他们也在自己的领地内行使政治、经济大权。政治、经济、军事权力的中心就在封建领主的城堡之中。城堡可能是领主亲自管辖,辖区大、拥有多座城堡的领主也会设置堡主代替他行使政治、经济权力。中世纪早期经济不发达,封君封臣制度有权力碎化的倾向,上至国王,下至堡主这样的小领主在很长一段时间里都自给自足,导致城堡这种建筑形式普遍流行,数量增长。13世纪,随着农业生产率的提高、商品经济的发展,领主通过庄园获取利益逐渐降低,农民身份变得自由,中世纪城市开始兴起。领主为了获得工业品、奢侈品以及保证自己的经济来源,开始着意促进城市的发展。最初有一部分城市是在城堡附近,城堡影响区域的安全环境中自发形成的,也有领主在城堡外开拓一片区域给予若干减税优惠政策建设的。城堡和城市从一开始的对立,走向联合发展。虽然城市有一定的自由活力,但是领主依旧是为了自身利益而发展城市,期间依旧有诸多压榨和限制。随着王权加强,王权与城市结合,国王向城市颁发特许证,城市获得特许权,市民争取自治不断进行的斗争,使越来越多的城市摆脱了地方领主的限制,加之庄园落后的农业生产方式,城堡经济中心的地位向城市转移,政治地位也遭到削弱。14世纪以后火器在西欧使用,城堡面对这种新式攻击武器不再是坚不可摧的建筑,其军事防御能力和区域影响力都减弱了。中世纪晚期社会中流行的趋向现代性的生活方式掀起了贵族改造城堡的热潮,城堡的居住者开始更加重视居住的舒适程度,城堡变得宜居、奢华,不再强调军事、政治、经济等功能,而成为一种历史传承和象征。
[Abstract]:The unique architecture of the castle is closely related to the medieval society of Western Europe. It represents the authority of the lord. It was conquered by the lord for a long time in the Middle Ages. Before the 11th century, Western European castles were mostly made of civil engineering and simple structures because of primitive building materials and techniques. But even this primitive castle. Facing the siege of cavalry and other soldiers in the social environment at that time, it also played a great defensive role in protecting the lord's family and its attendants in the 12th century, as the castle began to be built with masonry. Its strong degree greatly strengthened, the construction technology learned from the east during the Crusades also optimized the castle structure, the castle defense function further enhanced, the castle influence area also expanded. In addition to protecting the lord's family, he can also protect the rural inhabitants near the castle. The lord needs only a small garrison to secure strategic sites. In addition, the placement of weapons on the castle allows the castle to have a certain active offensive role on the basis of passive defense, for the newly conquered rural or urban areas. Building a castle as a stronghold is an effective and stable way to rule. In a society where Wang Quan is weak and has no unified security, local lords are able to rule their territory safely by virtue of the castle's powerful military weapon. It is because the castle is so important that the lords have built the castle. At the same time, in the non-war time, they also exercise political, economic power. Politics, economy in their own territory. The center of military power is in the castle of the feudal lord. The castle may be under the authority of the lord himself, and the lord, who has many castles, will also set up the castle master to exercise politics in his place. Economic power. In the early Middle Ages, when the economy was underdeveloped, the system of monarchies and ministers tended to break down, from kings to fortresses who were self-sufficient for a long time. As a result of the castle this kind of building form is popular, the quantity growth .13th century, along with the agricultural productivity enhancement, the commodity economy development, the lord obtains the benefit through the manor gradually reduces, the farmer status becomes free. Medieval cities began to rise. Lords began to promote the development of cities in order to obtain industrial goods, luxury goods, and to secure their own financial resources. Some of the cities were originally located near castles. The citadel affected the area in the security environment spontaneously formed, there are lords outside the castle to open up a section of the area to give a number of tax concessions to build the castle and the city from the beginning of the opposition. Towards joint development. Although the city has a certain degree of freedom and vitality, but the lord is still for their own interests to develop the city, during which there are still a lot of squeeze and restrictions. The king granted concessions to the city, the city was granted a concession, and the citizens fought for autonomy, which made more and more cities get rid of the restrictions of the local lord and the backward agricultural production mode of the manor. The economic center of the castle shifted to the city and its political position was weakened. After the 14th century firearms were used in Western Europe and the castle was no longer an invulnerable building in the face of this new attack weapon. Its military defense ability and regional influence were weakened. The popular lifestyle towards modernity in the late Middle Ages set off an upsurge in the transformation of castles by aristocrats. The occupants of the castle began to pay more attention to the comfort of living, and the castle became livable and luxurious. Instead of emphasizing military, political, economic and other functions, the castle became a historical heritage and symbol.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K56

【相似文献】