清代新疆塔里木河流域的农业开发及生态影响研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 00:16

本文选题：清代　切入点：塔里木河流域　出处：《西北农林科技大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在中国传统历史时期中,清代是中原王朝对新疆的开发历程的第三次高潮期,清政府对新疆的开发举措也是极具现代国家意义的。本文主要分阶段研究阐述了清代塔里木河流域农业开发的历史历程,在探讨农业开发的同时,讨论其与环境变迁之关系。以期系统呈现地区农业发展及转变的契机与该时期农业迅速发展所造成的生态影响。本文主要运用文献研究法,汇集耙梳清实录、地方志、奏稿、游记等历史材料,以图重构该历史时期,地区农业发展及其生态影响概况。自农业史角度分析,清代自乾隆二十四年新疆抚定至清帝国崩溃,南疆塔里木河流域分别经历了三个阶段:初步恢复与发展时期;农业迅速发展的兴垦时期;以及税制改革后的深化发展时期。乾隆时期,在清政府以“重北轻南”与民族隔离为主基调的新疆发展政策的指导下,南疆社会处于封闭的经济、技术环境之中,塔里木河流域的农业从战争的阴霾中恢复后,仍依之前的农业发展速率循序发展,并未有明显进步。直至张格尔叛乱以后,出于稳定边疆的考量,道光帝放松了对南疆地区的隔离,南疆弛禁成为该地区农业发展的转折点。光绪十年(1884)新疆置省后,清政府在该地区施行的移民屯垦等积极政策密切了该地区与清帝国的联系,交通、商业的往来和源源踵至的移民,不断将先进的农业技术带入南疆,促使区域农业技术进一步提高;农田面积与农业人口数量亦有进一步增长。在近两个世纪的历史时期内,南疆农业技术与内地不断交流,农业人口不断增殖,发展势头逐渐与内地齐平,清政府农业政策不断的调适,使该区域的农业有了长足发展。然而垦荒面积扩大、人口的增殖均对环境资源提出了更进一步深度开发的要求。高强度集中的农业开发对流域地区的生态环境造成了显著的影响,农业迅速发展的趋势与生态衰退的趋势呈现出紧密的相关关系。清代作为传统历史时期的技术阶段开发时期的节点,落后的农业技术与进一步开发的意愿形成的矛盾是难以调和的,低效且粗放的经营模式给生态环境施加的压力,直接导致了水生态的恶化,甚至部分地区的农业发展难以为继,农业投入产出效益减少。这对现今塔里木河流域的开发具有警示意义与现实指导意义,历史时期的过度开发业已造成流域生态付出了沉重的代价,现今的流域开发当引以为戒,避免重蹈覆辙。
[Abstract]:In the traditional period of Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty was the third high tide of the development of Xinjiang by the Central Plains Dynasty. The development of Xinjiang by the Qing government is also of great national significance. This paper mainly studies the historical course of agricultural development in the Tarim River basin in Qing Dynasty, and discusses the agricultural development at the same time. This paper discusses the relationship between environmental change and regional agricultural development. It is expected that the opportunity of regional agricultural development and transformation and the ecological impact caused by the rapid development of agriculture in this period will be presented. This paper mainly uses the literature research method to collect the actual records, local chronicles and manuscripts of the rake comb, the local chronicles, and the manuscripts. Travel Notes and other historical materials in order to reconstruct the historical period, regional agricultural development and its ecological impact. From the perspective of agricultural history, from the perspective of the history of agriculture, the Qing Dynasty, from the Twenty-four years of Qianlong to the collapse of the Qing Empire, The Tarim River basin in southern Xinjiang has experienced three stages: the period of initial recovery and development; the period of rapid development of agriculture; and the period of deepening development after the tax system reform. Under the guidance of the Qing government's development policy of "paying more attention to the north than the south" and national isolation, the southern Xinjiang society was in a closed economic and technological environment, and the agriculture of the Tarim River basin recovered from the haze of the war. Still following the previous agricultural development rate, there was no obvious progress. Until after Zhang's rebellion, due to the consideration of stabilizing the frontier, Dao Guangdi relaxed his isolation from the southern Xinjiang area. The relaxation of the ban in southern Xinjiang became a turning point in the development of agriculture in the region. Commercial contacts and immigrants brought advanced agricultural technology to the south, which led to the further improvement of regional agricultural technology, as well as a further increase in the area of farmland and the number of agricultural people. In the last two centuries of history, With the continuous exchange of agricultural technology with the mainland, the continuous growth of the agricultural population, the gradual equalization of the development momentum with the mainland, and the continuous adjustment of the Qing government's agricultural policies, the agriculture of the region has made great progress. However, the area of reclamation and wasteland has expanded. The multiplication of population has put forward the requirement of further and deeper exploitation of environmental resources. The intensive and concentrated agricultural development has a significant impact on the ecological environment of the watershed area. The rapid development of agriculture is closely related to the trend of ecological decline. The contradiction between backward agricultural technology and the will to further develop is difficult to reconcile. The low efficiency and extensive management mode exerts pressure on the ecological environment, which directly leads to the deterioration of water ecology, and even the agricultural development in some areas is difficult to sustain. The reduction of agricultural input-output benefit is of warning significance and practical guidance to the development of the Tarim River basin. The over-exploitation in the historical period has already caused a heavy cost to the basin ecology, and the present watershed development should be taken as a warning. Avoid repeating the mistakes.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249

【相似文献】