英日被动构式的认知研究

发布时间：2018-08-13 19:31

【摘要】：被动构式是一个为国内外众多语言学家所关注和感兴趣的语言现象，因为这种构式结构独特，表达了相对于主动意义的被动意义。不同的语言学家从不同的角度研究被动构式。传统语法家从结构和意义两方面对其研究，结构主义注重详细的描写，生成语法借用其生成理论框架分析，功能流派从信息和语用两方面进行研究，虽然都做出了一定贡献，，但对被动构式的形成原因未作深究。本文试图从构式语法理论和原型理论的视角对英日被动构式进行对比研究，以揭示英日被动构式的本质特征、认知动因以及二者的共性和个性差异。不同的语言学家多年来对被动构式进行研究，给出了各种各样的定义，也做出了各种不同的解释，但至今难有定论，得出的结论也不能完全令人满意。一个重要的原因恐怕就是被动构式作为一个语法范畴，其内部结构是不同质的，其内部成员表现各异。被动构式内部的差异若用构式语法理论和原型理论便可给出一个较为满意的解释。构式语法理论认为，构式是语言的基本单位，即形式和意义的结合体。构式一旦形成，便具有自己独立的结构和意义，对进入构式的词语有约束作用，并使其产生原本没有的意义。构式作为一个整体，大于其构成成分之和，且具有独立于其组成成分的句法特征或语义特征，而且任何一个构式的意义是不能从已有的其他构式或者其构成成分推断出来的。同时，构式语法认为原型效应同样存在于构式中，其成员有中心成员和边缘成员之分。英日被动构式作为两个范畴，同样表现出原型效应，其成员由处于中心位置的典型成员和一系列处于边缘位置的非典型成员构成，并且有着不同的特点。被动范畴是人类思维中被动观念体现在语言表达层面的一种基本语法范畴。属于两种不同语言的英日被动构式具有相同的构式意义，表示“受事论元遭受到影响，这个影响是由动词所表示的动作造成的”，同时在被动意义的表达上采用着不同的方式。根据构式语法和原型理论，英日被动构式各自由典型成员和非典型成员组成，构成不同的连续体，其表达的被动意义也逐渐由强变弱，完全符合认知范畴的特征。本文以构式语法和原型理论为指导，深入分析英日被动构式的构式义，对比两种语法结构的句法语义特征及语用功能，并对比分析两种构式的理想化认知模式及其原型效应，连续体及不完全对应性，以期发现两种构式的共性和个性，以及隐藏其背后的形成原因和深层机制。本文主要从构式角度对英日被动构式作整体对比分析，从而揭示两种构式的共性和个性，加深我们对英日两种语言的认识。希望本研究对外语教学、二语习得、英日翻译以及其他构式的研究有一定的理论和实践价值及借鉴作用。
[Abstract]:Passive construction is a linguistic phenomenon which is concerned and interested by many linguists at home and abroad, because of its unique structure, it expresses the passive meaning relative to the active meaning. Different linguists study passive constructions from different angles. Traditional grammars study it from the aspects of structure and meaning, structuralism pays attention to detailed description, generative grammar uses its generative theoretical framework analysis, and functional schools study it from two aspects of information and pragmatics, although both of them have made some contributions. However, the reasons for the formation of passive construction have not been studied in depth. This paper attempts to make a comparative study of English and Japanese passive constructions from the perspective of construction grammar theory and prototype theory, in order to reveal the essential characteristics, cognitive motivation, common and individual differences between English and Japanese passive constructions. Different linguists have studied passive constructions for many years and given various definitions and explanations. However, it is difficult to come to a conclusion so far and the conclusions are not completely satisfactory. One important reason is that as a grammatical category, the internal structure of passive construction is different and its internal members are different. If we use the theory of construction grammar and the theory of prototype, we can give a satisfactory explanation of the difference within passive construction. The theory of construction grammar holds that construction is the basic unit of language, that is, the combination of form and meaning. Once the construction is formed, it has its own independent structure and meaning. As a whole, construction is larger than the sum of its constituent components, and has syntactic or semantic characteristics independent of its constituent elements. Moreover, the meaning of any construction can not be inferred from the existing other constructions or their constituent components. At the same time, the construction grammar holds that the prototype effect also exists in the construction, and its members are divided into central members and marginal members. As two categories, English and Japanese passive constructions also exhibit archetypal effects. Their members are composed of typical members in the central position and a series of atypical members in the marginal position, and have different characteristics. Passive category is a basic grammatical category embodied in language expression in human thinking. English and Japanese passive constructions, which belong to two different languages, have the same constructional meaning, which means that "the subject argument is affected, which is caused by the action expressed by the verb". At the same time, the passive meaning is expressed in different ways. According to the construction grammar and prototype theory, the English and Japanese passive constructions are composed of typical members and atypical members, which constitute different continuum, and the passive meaning of expression gradually changes from strong to weak, which fully accords with the characteristics of cognitive category. Under the guidance of construction grammar and prototype theory, this paper makes a deep analysis of the construction meaning of English and Japanese passive constructions, compares the syntactic and semantic features and pragmatic functions of the two grammatical structures, and compares the idealized cognitive models and their prototype effects of the two constructions. The continuum and incomplete correspondence are expected to discover the commonness and individuality of the two constructions, as well as the underlying causes and deep mechanisms. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the passive construction in English and Japan from the perspective of construction, thus revealing the commonness and individuality of the two constructions and deepening our understanding of the two languages. It is hoped that this study will be of theoretical and practical value to the study of foreign language teaching, second language acquisition, English and Japanese translation and other constructions.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H314;H36

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