玛纳斯河流域绿洲景观生态安全动态评价

发布时间：2018-02-01 11:00

本文关键词： 景观类型景观格局景观生态安全绿洲玛纳斯河流域　出处：《石河子大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：人类活动是导致绿洲景观格局变化的主要因素,也是影响干旱区生态环境安全变化的核心驱动力。随着工业化和城市化进程的不断加快,绿洲景观类型及结构发生了根本变化,其变化规模、强度不断加快,过程、格局分异日趋复杂,使内陆河流域生态景观组成、结构、功能及其生态安全问题日益突出。探索并维护绿洲景观生态系统的稳定性及安全性,是绿洲工业化和城市化健康协调发展以及新时期土地利用规划及管控的重要任务。新疆玛纳斯河流域(以下简称玛河流域)是建国后新疆开垦面积最大的人工绿洲,其空间扩张过程及相关的生态环境问题一直是学界和政府关注的焦点。本研究以玛纳斯河流域绿洲景观格局变化为研究对象,根据景观生态学理论,基于遥感信息识别及GIS空间分析技术平台,用景观指数计算方法及地学统计分析方法,以1994年、2005年和2015年三期遥感影像解译为基础数据,在提取流域景观类型动态变化信息的基础上,实证研究流域景观生态格局及其时空分异特点及规律;从生态承载力、生态胁迫性和生态适应性三方面选取相应指标,构建了5km×5km网格尺度控制下的景观生态安全评价单元及评价指标体系,用ArcGIS地统计模块进行数据挖掘及时空探索,完成景观生态安全指数的空间插值,得到景观生态安全时空分布图,以此分析玛河流域景观生态安全时空变化特征及规律,最后利用Geoda探索性空间分析技术,研究了景观生态安全的空间关联性及异质性,完成对玛纳斯河流域绿洲景观生态安全的动态评价。主要结论如下:(1)1994年-2015年间,玛河流域耕地和建设用地的面积不断扩大。耕地面积扩大主要集中分布在绿洲与山区或绿洲与荒漠的过渡地带,多属玛河流域经济较落后的农牧业区,主要靠扩大耕地来满足经济的粗放增长,其扩张速度趋缓但生态安全风险较大。新增建设用地主要分布在石河子市、玛纳斯县、沙漠湾县等城市周边地区,呈连续扩张趋势,扩张速度不断加快,生态安全问题未得到足够重视。主要占用草地、林地、水域和未利用地,自然景观及生态用地类型趋于减少,生态安全隐患较多。(2)景观格局指数变化不均衡,景观多样性减少而异质性增大。主要表现为绿洲外围斑块形态的不规则性、复杂性、异质性增加,而内部降低;其中绿洲内部景观多样性降低,廊道复杂性增大,人工绿洲稳定性强,但绿洲外围景观多样性及廊道复杂性都呈减少趋势,削弱了天然绿洲景观的稳定性,其中流域中部绿洲的变化明显大于南部山区和北部绿洲荒漠过渡带。(3)玛河流域绿洲景观生态安全度在空间上趋于集聚且呈下降趋势。“热点”和“冷点”的分布说明人类活动的空间集聚强度与景观生态安全的集聚程度高度一致,流域中游绿洲生态安全度的下降幅度远大于上游及下游绿洲生态安全度的提高,表明节水灌溉技术的推广应用及城市化进程的加快,并没有根本遏制流域绿洲生态安全退化的趋势。因此,人工绿洲扩大及景观异质性增大是影响流域景观生态安全状态的主要原因,应高度关注新型工业化、城市化对干旱区内陆河流域景观生态安全及格局稳定的潜在影响。
[Abstract]:Human activities are the main factors leading to the change of landscape pattern of oasis, the core driving force is also affecting the ecological environment security changes. With the development of industrialization and city urbanization, has fundamentally changed the oasis landscape type and structure, the changes of the scale, strength continues to accelerate the process, the pattern of differentiation is becoming increasingly complex, the ecological landscape the inland river basin of composition, structure, function and ecological security issues have become increasingly prominent. To explore and maintain the safety and stability of oasis landscape ecosystem is an oasis of industrialization and city health important task coordination of land use planning and control the development of the new era. Xinjiang and Manasi River Basin (hereinafter referred to as the Manas River Basin) is after the founding of the PRC Xinjiang reclamation area is the largest artificial oasis, the spatial expansion process and the ecological environment problem has been the focus of the academic circle and the government in this research. With the change of the oasis landscape patterns in Manasi River Basin as the research object, according to the theory of landscape ecology, identification of remote sensing information and GIS spatial analysis technology based on the platform, with the landscape index calculation method and analysis method, statistics in 1994, 2005 and 2015 three interpretation of remote sensing images based on data, based on information extraction of watershed landscape dynamic the change on the different characteristics and rules of an empirical study of watershed landscape pattern and its spatial; from the ecological carrying capacity, ecological stress and ecological adaptability of three selected corresponding index, constructed the 5km * 5km grid scale under the control of the landscape ecological security evaluation unit and the evaluation index system, to explore the spatio-temporal data mining and statistical module ArcGIS, complete the spatial interpolation of landscape ecological security index, obtained the temporal spatial distribution of landscape ecological security, based on the analysis of Manas River Basin Ecological Landscape Safety of the spatial and temporal variation characteristics and laws, and finally using Geoda exploratory spatial analysis technology, studied the spatial correlation and heterogeneity of landscape ecological security, the dynamic evaluation of oasis landscape ecological security of Manasi River Basin. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) 1994 -2015 years, cultivated land and construction land area in Manas River Watershed continue to expand. The expansion of arable land is mainly distributed in the transition zone of the oasis and the mountains or the oasis and desert, mostly in Manas River basin economy is relatively backward agricultural and pastoral areas, mainly rely on the expansion of arable land to meet the extensive economic growth, the expansion rate slowed down but the ecological security risks. The new construction land is mainly distributed in Shihezi Manasi City, county, county and other surrounding areas of desert city bay, a continuous expansion of the trend, the rate of expansion is accelerating, ecological security issues have not received sufficient attention. The main occupation of forest land, grassland, water Area and unused land, the natural landscape and ecological land types tends to decrease, ecological security hidden trouble. (2) the landscape pattern index change is not balanced, the landscape diversity decreased and the heterogeneity increased. Mainly for irregular oasis plaque morphology, complexity, heterogeneity increased, and reduce the internal oasis; the landscape diversity decreased, increasing the complexity of the artificial oasis corridor, strong stability, but the oasis landscape diversity and corridor complexity decreased, weaken the stability of oasis landscape, which changes the central basin oasis is obviously higher than that in southern and Northern oasis desert transition zone. (3) the oasis in Manas River watershed landscape ecological security degree in space to gather and the downward trend. The distribution of hot "and" cold "and shows the strength of landscape ecological security gathering space of human activity clusters height Consistent, oasis ecological security degree of decline is far greater than the river upstream and downstream oasis ecological security is improving, that the popularization and application of water-saving irrigation technology and city urbanization, and no trend of oasis ecological security degradation fundamentally curb basin. Therefore, the artificial oasis expansion and landscape heterogeneity increase is the main factor influencing the basin the landscape ecological security state, we should pay high attention to the new industrialization, city of potential impact on inland river basin in arid area of landscape ecological security pattern and stability.

【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：P901;X826

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