符号学视域下解读中国太极拳

发布时间：2018-03-12 23:07

本文选题：符号学　切入点：太极拳　出处：《南京体育学院》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国太极拳的产生与发展至今已有两百多年的历史,对于的太极拳起源问题世人众说纷纷,据相关史料分析考证,中国太极拳是由陈王廷所创于河南温县陈家沟,属于内家拳种,后流经杨露禅将其发扬光大,其承载几千年来中国武术的精髓,是中国传统武术最具有代表性的民族文化符号。在当今社会倡导文化建设的今天,我们该如何更好的传承与发展中国文化,特别是中国传统文化,这就需要当代人认真反思与研究。早在远古时代,原始先民借助天性本能应对神秘难测、危机四伏和变动不居的生态环境,寻求生存之道,很少考虑人生。自从苏格拉底把“认识你自己”作为哲学信条之后,人的问题便构成了西方哲学史的主要课题。“人是什么”,不同的哲人有不同的答案。亚里士多德扬弃了以往把人理解为感性存在物的片面性,提出了“人是理性的动物”这一著名论断,强调理性为人类所独有,是人的最高本质。理性至上扼杀了人类非理性的一面,从而破坏了人的完整性,也就无法从根本上解决人的本质问题。令人惊讶的是,理性主义却成了思辨哲学的主流,长期占据着哲学的制高点,直到实践哲学的出现。德国哲学家恩斯特·卡西尔从功能性出发,提出“人是符号的动物”。他认为:“对于理解人类文化生活形式的丰富性和多样性来说,理性是个很不充分的名称。但是,所有这些文化形式都是符号形式。因此,我们应当把人定义为符号的动物来取代把人定义为理性的动物。只有这样,我们才能指明人的独特之处,也才能理解对人开放的新路——通向文化之路。”[1]在卡西尔看来,与其说人是理性的动物,倒不如说是符号的动物。人与动物的最大区别在于人能够创造和使用符号,人只有在创造符号的过程中实现自我价值,成为真正意义上的人。因此,符号是人的本质,人不再生活在一个单纯的物理宇宙之中,而是生活在一个符号宇宙之中。太极拳也是一种符号,一种承载着特殊文化信息的传统体育符号。不可否认,人类生活在一个充满了不同文化的场域中。不管是否被意识到,文化都是一种客观存在,以符号形式存在于现实世界。符号是人类对客观存在所做的记号和标志,是人类对客观世界的反映。人类创造的文化,不论是物质文化还是精神文化,都具有一定的意义。因此,格尔茨将文化定义为“历史上留下来的存在于符号中的意义模式,是以符号形式表达的前后相袭的概念系统,借此人们交流、保存和发展对生命的知识和态度。”[2]按照符号学的观点,意义必须用符号才能表达和解释,任何能有意义地表达事物的东西,都可定义为符号。体育、艺术、宗教、文学、语言、交通标志都是符号,各自表达着特定的意义。在这里,“符号是意义的唯一寄身之处,意义的唯一传递之途,也就是意义唯一的解释钥匙”,符号即意义。任何意义活动必然是符号过程,对符号的解释也就是意义的实现。符号学是专门性门研究符号意义的学科,对符号进行分类,符号可分为语言和非语言符号,符号的意义问题(包括意义的产生、发送、传达、接受、理解和变异)是人文社会学科研究共有的核心问题,而符号学的任务就是提供研究意义的基本方法,即符号意义生成与解码符号的意义。符号学研究关注的是符号意义的发出、传播、接收、理解过程,如何从表象看透本质,便是其研究内核。太极拳作为中国民族传统武术文化体系中一个独立的符号系统,必然承载着骨子里留着中华民族的血。既然所有文化都可视为符号,那么,符号的深层意义必然是由各种不同层次的文化所填充着来诠释。剖析中国民族传统武术文化,表层是器物和行为,诸如刀枪棍剑、推手、肢体动作、行为方式等,都是可以感知的文化载体;中层是规则与制度,像太极拳中的师徒、进击与防守方式、拳理、技术动作的呼吸的配合等等,都是一种约定俗成,支配表层要素之间的组合与搭配;深层则是精神与心理,譬如“白鹤亮翅”象征着高超的技艺、对自然和谐统一的思想、对美学的追求等等;“金刚捣碓”表达了对古典神话的尊崇,不仅仅肖似性诠释了技术动作本身,更深层次的寄情于行为符号之中,这些都是隐含在文化载体中的意义。实质上,太极拳文化的空间结构是表层、中层和深层完整不可分割的统一体。表层结构是中层结构和深层结构的载体和媒介,中层结构必然要通过表层结构来显示,并支配着意义的表达方式,而深层结构只能以表层结构为载体、中层结构为规则表达出来。从符号学角度分析太极拳,可将太极拳符号分为语言文字符号和体语符号,语言文字符号包括:太极拳谱、太极图、太极拳志、太极拳拳理等文本类资料和语言歌谣等信息载体;体语符号包括太极拳技术动作等行为规范载体。根据索诸尔的符号二元关系论,太极拳动作名称既可以作为一种语言文字符号,作为语言文字符号时,其与具体技术动作(符号对象)存在着一种表征关系,又可以作为太极拳文化的符号载体——符形,符形既是符号的能指,能指通过意指过程被赋予了所指的意义便产生了符号,符号是一种关系,符号是代表一物之外的一物。后有皮尔斯的符号三元关系论,他认为符号有三种元素,能指——符号形体,符号对象,所指——符释,符形与符号对象之间存在着表征关系,符形与符释之间存在着意指关系,符号对象通过意指过程表达了符形之外的符释涵义。这里分析,太极拳动作名称便是符形,也是符号的能指,技术动作本身便是符号对象,符号对象通过表征方式被规定了动作名称,符形通过意指过程诠释了符号对象的深层信息。太极拳动作名称既是符号的能指,能指(符形)必须是物质的、可感知的;能指(符形)必须传递一种本质上不同于载体本身的信息,代表其他东西;能指(符形)必须传递一种社会信息,即社会习惯所约定的、而不是个人赋予的特殊意义。太极拳正是以人的身体和语言文字为物质载体,而且表达特殊的意义和传递信息,所表达的意义和传递的信息又不是载体本身,而是社会所约定的。本文运用文献资料、比较研究、专家访谈等相关方法,从符号学的视角分析与解读中国太极拳的形成与发展历程,期望通过对太极拳的符号学研究,能够起到促进中国民族传统武术文化发展,为解决中国民族传统文化的传承与发展中存在的问题提供理论支持,以期通过本研究达到继承中国民族传统武术思想,发扬中国民族传统武术文化的目的。从符号学角度对太极拳系统要素进行归纳、分类、总结与分析,得出以下结论:一、文化的传播需要借助符号进行,没有符号的认识与交际功能,文化的传承将受到极大的阻力,甚至无法进行。二、通过对太极拳系统要素的符号学分类研究,得出太极拳文化的传承主要是依靠各类符号的传承,然后通过符号的流传而得以被后人传承。三、通过对太极拳动作名称和行为路线等研究发现,太极拳文化的大量汲取了中国传统哲学文化,如《易经》、《孙子兵法》、《庄子》、《论语》等。四、中国民族传统文化的继承与发展需要开辟新的道路,符号学方法就是其中一种。
[Abstract]:The emergence and development of China Taijiquan has been more than 200 years of history, for the origin of the world Taijiquan have different opinions, according to the research analysis of relevant historical materials, Chinese Taijiquan is created by Chen Wangting in Henan Wenxian County Chen Jia Gou, belongs to the family of boxing, after Yang Luchan will carry forward the flow through the bearing, the essence of martial arts for thousands of Chinese for years, the traditional martial arts China is the most representative cultural symbols. In today's society to advocate cultural construction today, we should inherit and how to promote the development of Chinese culture, especially Chinese traditional culture, which requires careful reflection and study of contemporary people. As early as in ancient times, the primitive instincts with mystery well, the ecological environment and threatened by growing crises to seek survival unsettled, and rarely consider life. Since Socrates to "know yourself" as a philosophical creed after, The problem will constitute the main topic in the history of western philosophy. "What is human", different philosophers have different answers. Aristotle abandoned the previous one-sided understanding of perceptual existence, put forward the "man is a rational animal" is a famous thesis, emphasizes the rational unique to human beings, is the highest human nature. Rationalism kills human irrational side, thereby undermining the integrity of people, it cannot fundamentally solve the problem of the human nature. Surprisingly, rationalism has become the mainstream of speculative philosophy, occupied the commanding heights of philosophy, practical philosophy. In Germany until the philosopher Ernst Cahill from the functional perspective, put forward "human is symbolic animal". He said: "for the rich and diverse understanding of human culture life, reason is a very full name but, All of these cultural forms are symbolic forms. Therefore, we should define people as the animal to replace defined man as a rational animal. Only in this way can we specify unique people, but also to understand the new road open to the road to culture. "[1] in Cassirer, and said man is a rational animal, rather than a symbolic animal. The biggest difference between human and animal is that man can create and use symbols, only to realize self value in the process of creation of symbol, become a real human being. Therefore, the symbol is the essence of man, people no longer live in a simple physical in the universe, but living in a symbolic universe. Taijiquan is a sign, a carrying special cultural information of the traditional sports symbols. It is undeniable that human life is full in a different field of culture. Whether it can be realized that culture is a kind of objective existence, in symbolic form exists in the real world. The symbol is what people do to the objective existence of the mark and symbol, is the human reflection of the objective world. Mankind's culture, whether it is material culture or spiritual culture, have a certain significance. Therefore, Geertz defined culture as "history exists in the symbolic significance of the model, the concept is the symbolic form of expression of the system before and after the raid, to people, to preserve and develop the knowledge of life and attitudes." [2] according to semiotics, meaning must use symbols to express and explain any. Can express meaningful things, can be defined as a symbol. Sports, art, religion, literature, language, traffic signs are symbols, express their special meanings. Here, the symbol is the only meaning to send The only way to transfer, meaning, significance is the only explanation key "symbol is any meaning. Meaning are symbols of symbols of the interpretation process, also is the significance of the implementation. Semiotics is the special study of the symbolic significance of the subject, the classification of symbols, symbols and language can be divided into the non language symbol meaning symbols (including the significance of the generation, transmission, communication, acceptance, understanding and variation of Humanities and Social Science Research) is a common core problem, and the basic method of semiotics is to provide the research significance, namely the meaning generation and decoding the meaning of symbols. The semiotic study is focused on the issue and the symbolic significance of the dissemination, reception, understanding process, how to see through the essence from the appearance, is the core of research. Taijiquan as an independent symbol system Chinese National Traditional Wushu culture system, the inevitable bearing The bones have Chinese blood. Since all can be regarded as a cultural symbol, so, the deep meaning of symbols must be determined by the different levels of culture filled with interpretation. Analysis of the traditional national martial arts culture China, surface artifacts and behavior, such as a sword sword stick, pushing hands, body movements, behavior etc. is the carrier of culture, can be perceived; middle is the rules and regulations, like tai chi in the attack and defense, mentoring, boxing manager, technical movements with breathing and so on, is a common, dominant surface combination between elements and collocation; deep is spiritual and psychological, such as "white light wing" symbolizes the superb skills of natural harmony and unity of the thought of aesthetic pursuit; "Dao Kong pestle" expression of the classical myth of respect, not only the interpretation of the similarity technique itself, the deeper it Love in action symbols, which are implicit in the cultural carrier of the significance. In essence, the spatial structure of Taijiquan culture is the unity of the surface, middle and deep integral. The surface structure is the carrier and the media of middle and deep structure, middle structure must be displayed through the surface structure, and governs the expression of meaning, but only to the deep structure surface structure as the carrier, the middle structure rule expressed. Analysis from the perspective of semiotics of Taijiquan, Taiji symbol can be divided into language symbols and language symbols, language symbols include: Taiji boxing, Tai Chi, Tai Chi Chi, Tai Chi such as text information and language songs information carrier; language symbols including Taijiquan technical action behavior. According to the cable, the vector symbol of two yuan on the relationship between Taijiquan, which can be used as a name A language as symbols, language symbols, and the specific technical movement (the symbol object) there is a characterization of relations, but also can be used as a symbol of Taiji Culture, symbol, symbol is the symbol of the signifier, signified by means process is endowed with the meaning of the meaning is generated symbol, symbol is a symbol, is a representative one. Besides Pearce after the symbol of three yuan on the relationship, he believes that there are three kinds of symbolic elements, can refer to the symbol form, symbolic object, refers to: the interpretant, symbol and symbol of a relationship exists between symbols as representation. The shape and character release between deliberately refers to the relationship between the expression of the symbol, symbol object outside the symbol meaning by means of release. This analysis, Taijiquan is the symbol name, is the signifier, the technology itself is the symbol of action as symbolic object through the table The mode of a prescribed action name, symbol of deep interpretation of the information symbol object by means of Taijiquan. The name is the signifier, the signifier (symbol) must be material, can be perceived; the signifier (symbol) must pass a fundamentally different from the carrier itself. Information on behalf of other things; the signifier (symbol) must pass a kind of social information, social habits agreed, and is not a personal special significance given. Taijiquan is to the human body and the language as the material carrier, but also express the special meaning and the meaning of information transfer, and transfer the information carrier is not itself, but the social contract. The paper makes a comparative study on the use of literature, expert interviews, and other relevant methods, and from the formation of Chinese Taijiquan and interpretation of the development of Semiotics Perspective, hope through the Tai Chi Symbol The study, to promote Chinese National Traditional Wushu culture development, to provide theoretical support for solving the existing inheritance and development of traditional culture in China problems, in order to achieve through this study Chinese inheritance of Chinese Traditional Wushu thought, carry forward the traditional national martial arts culture China purpose. From the perspective of semiotics of Taijiquan system elements induction, classification, summary and analysis, the following conclusions: first, the spread of culture needs no knowledge and communicative functions of symbols, symbols, cultural heritage will have a great resistance, even impossible. Two, learning based on classification of Taijiquan system element symbols, that Tai Chi Cultural Heritage mainly rely on the various symbols of inheritance, and then through the symbol of the spread and has been inheriting. Three, by the name of the Taijiquan movement and behavior route of study found that Tai Chi The culture of boxing has largely absorbed traditional Chinese philosophical culture, such as the book of changes, Sun Tzu's art of war, Chuang-tzu, and Analects. Four, the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture need to open up a new path. Semiotics is one of them.

【学位授予单位】：南京体育学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G852.11

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